Accusative case is the case in nominative-accusative languages that marks certain syntactic functions, usually direct objects. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAccusativeCase.htm)
These are adjectives, e.g. Spanish "aburrido" (boring).
(Information Structure in Cross-Linguistic Corpora:
Annotation Guidelines for Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, and Information Structure 5.3.3)
These are adpositions: preposition/postposition/X-positions, e.g. "before" in "before two years", "ago" in "two years ago", cf. German "um ... willen" in "um unseres Vaters willen".
(Information Structure in Cross-Linguistic Corpora:
Annotation Guidelines for Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, and Information Structure 5.3.5)
These are adverbs, e.g. "soon".
So called pronominal adverbs in German are also annotated as ADV, e.g. "darüber".
(Information Structure in Cross-Linguistic Corpora:
Annotation Guidelines for Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, and Information Structure 5.3.4)
If you need a attributive paradigm of pronouns, then append AT. Attributive pronouns replace function as a determiner. E.g. "your" is tagged as PRONPOS-AT.
(Information Structure in Cross-Linguistic Corpora:
Annotation Guidelines for Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, and Information Structure 5.3.8)
These are auxiliary verb, e.g. "have", cf. "be" in "be destroyed", cf. German "haben" in the formation of perfect tenses ("gegessen haben").
(Information Structure in Cross-Linguistic Corpora:
Annotation Guidelines for Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, and Information Structure 5.3.2)
These are classifiers.
Comitative case is a case expressing accompaniment.
It carries the meaning "with" or "accompanied by."
http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsComitativeCase.htm
NCOM is used for common nouns, e.g. "house".
(Information Structure in Cross-Linguistic Corpora:
Annotation Guidelines for Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, and Information Structure 5.3.1)
The comparative is the form of an adjective or adverb which denotes the degree or grade by which a person, thing, or other entity has a property or quality greater or less in extent than that of another.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative
This tag is used if you need to indicate complementizers or adverbial subordinating conjunctions separately, e.g. "that", "when".
(Information Structure in Cross-Linguistic Corpora:
Annotation Guidelines for Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, and Information Structure 5.3.7)
These are coordinating conjunctions, e.g. "and", "or".
(Information Structure in Cross-Linguistic Corpora:
Annotation Guidelines for Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, and Information Structure 5.3.7)
A copula is an intransitivity verb which links a subject to a noun phrase, an adjective, or other
constituent which expresses the predicate.
http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsACopula.htm
These are copula verbs, e.g. "be" in "be happy".
(Information Structure in Cross-Linguistic Corpora:
Annotation Guidelines for Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, and Information Structure 5.3.2)
Dative case is a case that marks indirect objects (for languages in which they are held to exist) or nouns having the role of recipient (as of things given), beneficiary of an action, or possessor of an item.
( http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsDativeCase.htm)
Definite entities are specific and identifiable in a given context.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definite
These are demonstrative pronouns, e.g. "this". Notice that German displays a demonstrative pronoun that is in most cases homonymous to the definite article.
(Information Structure in Cross-Linguistic Corpora:
Annotation Guidelines for Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, and Information Structure 5.3.8)
Determiners include articles ("the") and cardinal numerals ("two") used as determiners (see §5.3.5; §5.3.8). They do not include demonstratives or quantifiers (cf. 5.3.8).
(Information Structure in Cross-Linguistic Corpora:
Annotation Guidelines for Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, and Information Structure 5.3.6)
A distal is a distinction in place deixis that indicates location far from the speaker or other deictic
center. It is a kind of a proximal-distal dimension. http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsADistal.htm
These are ditransitive verbs, e.g. "give".
(Information Structure in Cross-Linguistic Corpora:
Annotation Guidelines for Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, and Information Structure 5.3.2)
Ergative case is the case of nouns in ergative-absolutive languages that would generally be the subjects of transitive verbs in the translation equivalents of nominative-accusative languages such as English. Ergative case is more likely to be formally marked on the noun than absolutive case is.
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsErgativeCase.htm)
Expletive pronouns (also called “impersonal pronouns”, “pleonastic pronouns”) are pronouns which do not have any meaning but are syntactically required, e.g. "there is a man".
(Information Structure in Cross-Linguistic Corpora:
Annotation Guidelines for Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, and Information Structure 5.3.8)
Feminine gender is a grammatical gender that marks nouns that have human or animal female referents, and often marks nouns that have referents that do not carry distinctions of sex. http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsFeminineGender.htm
The focus of a sentence is the portion that presents salient information of high communicative interest. The rest of the sentence is extrafocal and contains presupposed information.
(http://www.uni-erfurt.de/sprachwissenschaft/proxy.php?port=8080&file=lido/servlet/Lido_Servlet Fokus 18.06.07)
Future tense is an absolute tense that refers to a time after the moment of utterance. http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsFutureTense.htm
Genitive case is a case in which the referent of the marked noun is the possessor of the referent of another noun. In some languages, genitive case may express an associative relation between the marked noun and another noun.
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsGenitiveCase.htm)
Habitual aspect is an imperfective aspect that expresses the occurrence of an event or state as characteristic of a period of time. http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsHabitualAspect.htm
Imperative mood is mood that signals directive modality, especially in commands. Its use may be extended to signal permission. http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsImperativeMood.htm
Imperfective aspect is an aspect that expresses an event or state, with respect to its internal structure, instead of expressing it as a simple whole. http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsImperfectiveAspect.htm
Indefiniteness is a kind of definiteness indicating that the referent(s) of an expression are not presumed to be identifiable. The referent is not identifiable because of a lack of shared knowledge or situation, including no previous mention of the referent. http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsIndefiniteness.htm
The indicative mood is used for factual statements and positive beliefs. All intentions in speaking that a particular language does not put into another mood use the indicative. It is the most commonly used mood and is found in all languages. Example: "Paul is reading a book" or "Paul reads books".
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indicative
An infinitive is the base form of a verb. It is unmarked for inflectional categories aspect, modality, number, person and tense. http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnInfinitive.htm
Instrumental case is a case indicating that the referent of the noun it marks is the means of the
accomplishment of the action expressed by the clause.
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsInstrumentalCase.htm)
These are interrogative pronouns, e.g. "who".
(Information Structure in Cross-Linguistic Corpora:
Annotation Guidelines for Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, and Information Structure 5.3.8)
These are intransitive verbs, e.g. "sleep".
(Information Structure in Cross-Linguistic Corpora:
Annotation Guidelines for Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, and Information Structure 5.3.2)
These are lexical verbs, e.g. "walk", cf. German "wollen" in "ich will ein Eis".
(Information Structure in Cross-Linguistic Corpora:
Annotation Guidelines for Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, and Information Structure 5.3.2)
Locative case is a case that expresses location at the referent of the noun it marks.
The term adessive case, a synonym of locative case, is used especially in studies of Finno-Ugric grammar.
http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsLocativeCase.htm
Masculine gender is a grammatical gender that marks nouns having human or animal male referents, and often marks nouns having referents that do not have distinctions of sex.
http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsMasculineGender.htm
Medial/ Immediacy is a distinction in place deixis that indicates location at a distance intermediate
between locations considered proximal and distal. It is a kind of a proximal-distal dimension.
(in according to: http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsImmediacy.htm)
These are modal verbs, e.g. "can", cf. German "wollen" in "in will gehen".
(Information Structure in Cross-Linguistic Corpora:
Annotation Guidelines for Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, and Information Structure 5.3.2)
The negative mood expresses a negated action. In many languages, this is not a distinct mood. Negation is expressed by adding a particle before the verb phrase, as in Spanish "No está en casa", or after it, as in archaic and dialectal English "Thou remembrest not" or Dutch "Ik zie hem niet", or both, as in French "Je ne sais pas" or Afrikaans "Hy kan nie Afrikaans praat nie".
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_mood#Negative
Neuter gender is a grammatical gender that includes those nouns having referents which do not have
distinctions of sex, and often includes some which do have a natural sex distinction.
http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsNeuterGender.htm
Nominative case is the case that identifies clause subjects in nominative-accusative languages. Nouns used in isolation have this case. Nominative case is not often formally marked in nominative-accusative languages.
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsNominativeCase.htm
The tag N is used for the general case of a noun, e.g. "water".
(Information Structure in Cross-Linguistic Corpora:
Annotation Guidelines for Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, and Information Structure 5.3.1)
An oblique case (Latin: casus generalis) in linguistics is a noun case of synthetic languages that is used generally when a noun is the object of a sentence or a preposition. An oblique case can appear in any case relationship except the nominative case of a sentence subject or the vocative case of direct address.
( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblique_case)
A participle is a lexical item, derived from a verb, that has some of the characteristics and functions of both verbs and adjectives. http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAParticiple.htm
These are particles, e.g. German "ja". Interjections are also annotated as particles, e.g. "oh".
(Information Structure in Cross-Linguistic Corpora:
Annotation Guidelines for Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, and Information Structure 5.3.9)
Passive voice is a voice that indicates that the subject is the patient or recipient of the action denoted
by the verb.
http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsPassiveVoice.htm
Past tense is an absolute tense that refers to a time before the moment of utterance. http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsPastTense.htm
Perfective aspect is an aspect that expresses a temporal view of an event or state as a simple whole, apart from the consideration of the internal structure of the time in which it occurs.
http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsPerfectiveAspect.htm
These are personal pronouns, e.g. "you" .
(Information Structure in Cross-Linguistic Corpora:
Annotation Guidelines for Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, and Information Structure 5.3.8)
Plural number is number that expresses reference to a quantity greater than that expressed by the largest specific number category in a language, such as "more than one" in English, and "more than two" in some other languages. http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsPluralNumber.htm
Encoding Standard for Morphology and
Syntax (Layer III:POS)
============================================
http://www.ling.uni-potsdam.de/~goetze/sfb/guidelines.html (Wed Nov 23
13:47:35 CET 2005)
prim‰r entwickelt von SFB632-D2 (in Zusammenarbeit mit SFB632-D1,
deren PCC-Annotation derzeit Tiger-STTS ist)
vorr. auch eingesetzt von SFB632-B4
ignored _CLIT distinction (4.3.12.3)
(Information Structure in Cross-Linguistic Corpora:
Annotation Guidelines for Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, and Information Structure)
These are possessive pronouns, e.g. "your".
(Information Structure in Cross-Linguistic Corpora:
Annotation Guidelines for Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, and Information Structure 5.3.8)
Present tense is an absolute tense that refers to the moment of utterance. It often refers to events or
states that do not merely coincide with the moment of utterance, such as those that are continuous, habitual, or lawlike.
http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsPresentTense.htm
A pronominal adverb is a pro-form that belongs to an adverbial syntactic category.
E.g. „there“ in „If you’ll look on the table, you’ll find the book there.“
(http://www.uni-erfurt.de/sprachwissenschaft/proxy.php?port=8080&file=lido/servlet/Lido_Servlet Pronominaladverb 19.06.07)
ADV:P pronominal adverbs (ß4.3.12.1), e.g. "dar¸ber", "hier¸ber",
"wor¸ber" (Definition ?)
| Comment: |
These are pronominal adverbs composed of an adverbial and a preposition, e.g. in German "darum", in English "thereby". |
| Comment: |
These are pronominal adverbs composed of a demonstrative and a preposition, e.g. German "deswegen". |
| Comment: |
These are pronominal adverbs composed of a possessive pronoun and
|
pronoun
umfasst auch Quantifizierer !
a loose sub-class of PronounOrDeterminer, but treatment of Quantifiers is unclear in Eagles (if these are determiners, this inclusion is proper)
This is the class of pronouns which also includes the quantifiers.
(Information Structure in Cross-Linguistic Corpora:
Annotation Guidelines for Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, and Information Structure 5.3.8)
NPRP is used for proper noun, e.g. "Peter".
(Information Structure in Cross-Linguistic Corpora:
Annotation Guidelines for Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, and Information Structure 5.3.1)
A proximal is a distinction in place deixis that indicates location close to the speaker or other
deictic center. It is a kind of a proximal-distal dimension. http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAProximal.htm
A proximal-distal dimension is a distinction in place deixis that indicates distance from the speaker or other deictic center.
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAProximalDistalDimension.htm)
These are quantifiers, e.g. "jeder", "alle".
(Information Structure in Cross-Linguistic Corpora:
Annotation Guidelines for Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, and Information Structure 5.3.8)
PRONRFL reflexive pronouns, e.g. "myself" (ß4.3.10.5)
This category should be
used only if the language possesses pronouns, which are always usedas
reflexives, e.g. the English reflexive pronouns (not the German
pronouns of the type "ich
sch‰me mich", where the ambiguity
personal/reflexive is resolved in the argument structure
of the given verb).
These are reflexive pronouns. This category should be used only if the language possesses pronouns which are always used as reflexives, e.g. the English reflexive pronouns (not the German pronouns of the type ich schäme mich, where the ambiguity personal/reflexive is resolved in the argument structure of the given verb), e.g. "myself".
(Information Structure in Cross-Linguistic Corpora:
Annotation Guidelines for Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, and Information Structure 5.3.8)
These are relative pronouns, e.g. "which".
(Information Structure in Cross-Linguistic Corpora:
Annotation Guidelines for Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, and Information Structure 5.3.8)
Singular number is number that refers to one member of a designated class.
http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsSingularNumber.htm
Subjunctive mood is a mood that typically signals irrealis meanings, such as potentiality, uncertainty,
prediction obligation, and desire. It most typically occurs in a subordinate clause, but may occur outside of one.
http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsSubjunctiveMood.htm
These are subordinating conjunctions, e.g. "if", "that", "when".
(Information Structure in Cross-Linguistic Corpora:
Annotation Guidelines for Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, and Information Structure 5.3.7)
TODO: sub-classification of combined tags
If you need substantive paradigm of pronouns, then append SU. Substantive pronouns replace the whole NP. E.g. "yours" is tagged as PRONPOS-SU.
(Information Structure in Cross-Linguistic Corpora:
Annotation Guidelines for Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, and Information Structure 5.3.8)
The superlative of an adjective or adverb is a form of adjective or adverb which indicates that something has some feature to a greater degree than anything it is being compared to in a given context.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superlative
A topic of a sentence is a syntagm that contains reference points for the predication contained in the rest of the sentence.
(http://www.uni-erfurt.de/sprachwissenschaft/proxy.php?port=8080&file=lido/servlet/Lido_Servlet Topik18.06.07)
These are transitive verbs, e.g. "buy".
(Information Structure in Cross-Linguistic Corpora:
Annotation Guidelines for Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, and Information Structure 5.3.2)
These are verbs in general case, e.g. "sleep".
(Information Structure in Cross-Linguistic Corpora:
Annotation Guidelines for Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, and Information Structure 5.3.2)
These are verbal nouns. Some of the Chadic languages have morphologically opaque verbal noun stems in the progresive aspect, i.e. it is not obvious from the morphology that we deal with a deverbal noun, instead of a verb proper. In such cases, use the tag VN.