e-eagles
Abbreviation
Comment:
These are residuals which are classified in Eagles by the attribute "Type" with the value "Abbreviation".
Abbreviation (from Latin brevis "short") is strictly a shorter form of a word, but more particularly, an abbreviation is a letter or group of letters, taken from a word or words, and employed to represent them for the sake of brevity. For example, the word "abbreviation" can be abbreviated as "abbr." or "abbrev."
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbreviation 19.09.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:Residual
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
Accusative
Comment:
Accusative case is the case in nominative-accusative languages that marks certain syntactic functions, usually direct objects. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsAccusativeCase.htm 17.11.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:CaseFeature
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
Acronym
Comment:
These are numerals which are classified in Eagles by the attribute "Type" with the value "Acronym".
An acronym is an abbreviation, such as NATO, laser, and ABC, written as the initial letter or letters of words, and pronounced on the basis of this abbreviated written form. Acronyms are used most often to abbreviate names of organizations and long or frequently referenced terms.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronym 19.09.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:Residual
Tags / Individuals:
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Active
Comment:
When the subject is the agent or actor of the verb, the verb is in the active voice. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_voice 17.11.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:VoiceFeature
Tags / Individuals:
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Adjective
Comment:
An adjective is in Eagles an obligatory major category with the abbreviation AJ.
An adjective is a word that belongs to a class whose members modify nouns. It specifies the properties or attributes of a noun referent.
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnAdjective.htm 18.9.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:E-EaglesCategory
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
Adposition
Comment:
An adposition is in Eagles an obligatory major category with the abbreviation AP.
An adposition is a cover term for prepositions, postpositions and circumpositions. It expresses a grammatical and semantic relation to another unit within a clause.
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnAdposition.htm, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adposition 19.09.06)
The majority of cases of adpositions we have to consider in European languages are prepositions.
(http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#SECTION00062200000000000000 19.09.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:E-EaglesCategory
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
Adverb
Comment:
An adverb is in Eagles an obligatory major category with the abbreviation AV.
An adverb is a part of speech. It is a word that modifies any other part of language (verbs, adjectives (including numbers), clauses, sentences and other adverbs) except for nouns; modifiers of nouns are primarily determiners and adjectives. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverbs 18.09.06)
GeneralAdverbs are not included in Eagles: this is a waste bag for non-degree adverbs.
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:E-EaglesCategory
Tags / Individuals:
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Article
Comment:
An article is a member of a small class of determiners that identify a noun's definite or indefinite reference, and the new or given status.
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnArticle.htm 02.05.07)
An article is in Eagles an obligatory major category with the abbreviation AT.
In Eagles articles are subsumed under determiners and kept
as a separate class. It is a sub-class of determiners which is disjoint with the other determiner classes.
(http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#recn 18.09.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:Determiner
>=
( !
(
e-eagles:DemonstrativeDeterminer | e-eagles:IndefiniteDeterminer | e-eagles:PossessiveDeterminer | e-eagles:WHDeterminer | e-eagles:PartitiveDeterminer
) )
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
AspectFeature
Comment:
Aspect is a grammatical category associated with verbs that expresses a temporal view of the event or state expressed by the verb. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsAspect.htm 17.11.06)
The in Eagles optional attribute Aspect is needed for Greek and Slavonic verbs. It corresponds also to the Past Simple/Imperfect distinction of Romance languages. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1av 17.11.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:E-EaglesFeature
Tags / Individuals:
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AttributiveAdjective
Comment:
These are adjectives which are classified in Eagles by the additional optional attribute "Use" with the value "Attributive".
An attributive adjective is an adjective that qualifies or modifies a noun and that precedes the noun, e.g."a delicious apple", "a short letter".
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjective 18.09.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>=
( ! e-eagles:PredicativeAdjective
)
>= e-eagles:Adjective
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
AuxiliaryVerb
Comment:
These are verbs which are classified in Eagles by the attribute "Status" with the value "Auxiliary".
An auxiliary verb is a verb which accompanies the lexical verb of a verb phrase, and expresses grammatical distinctions not carried by the lexical verb, such as person, number, tense aspect, and voice. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnAuxiliaryVerb.htm 19.09.06)
In Eagles the copula belong to the auxiliary verbs because of the some form in European languages.
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:Verb
Tags / Individuals:
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CardinalNumber
Comment:
These are numerals which are classified in Eagles by the attribute "Type" with the value "Cardinal".
A cardinal numeral is a numeral of the class whose members are considered basic in form, used in counting, and used in expressing how many objects are referred to.
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsACardinalNumeral.htm 19.09.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:Numeral
>=
( ! e-eagles:OrdinalNumber
)
Tags / Individuals:
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CaseFeature
Comment:
Case is a grammatical category determined by the syntactic or semantic function of a noun or pronoun. The term case has traditionally been restricted to apply to only those languages which indicate certain functions by the inflection of nouns, pronouns, or noun phrase constituents, such as adjectives and numerals. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsCase.htm 17.11.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:E-EaglesFeature
Tags / Individuals:
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Circumposition
Comment:
These are adpositions which are classified in Eagles by the optional attribute "Type" with the value "Circumposition".
A circumposition is an adposition with a part before the noun phrase and a part after. It is much less common than prepositions or postpositions.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumposition 19.09.06)
The relationship between circumpositions and pre-/postpositions in Eagles is not clear.
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:Adposition
>=
(
gold03-extended:Postposition | gold03-extended:Preposition
)
Tags / Individuals:
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Classifier
Comment:
A classifier is a word or affix that expresses the classification of a noun.
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAClassifier.htm 19.09.06)
Classifiers are a very typical feature of sign languages.
In some Asian languages classifiers are used as particles to combine a noun with a numeral.
e.g. chin. _san ge ren_ 'three pieces of people', 'three people'
(Bußmann (2002): Klassifikator)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:E-EaglesCategory
Tags / Individuals:
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Common
Comment:
Common is in Eagles a optional attribute for nouns. The Common gender contrasts with Neuter in a two-gender system e.g. Danish, Dutch. This value is also used for articles, pronouns and determiners especially for Danish. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node19.html#oav2at 17.11.06)
Seemingly, this corresponds to animate (i.e. non-Neuter) nouns and pronouns, hence defining as a sub-class of Animate.
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:GenderFeature
>= gold03-extended:Animate
Tags / Individuals:
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CommonNoun
Comment:
These are nouns which are classified/ specified in Eagles by the attribute "Type" with the value "Common".
A common noun is a noun that signifies a non-specific member of a group.
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsACommonNoun.htm 19.09.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>=
( ! e-eagles:ProperNoun
)
>= e-eagles:Noun
Tags / Individuals:
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Comparative
Comment:
The comparative is the form of an adjective or adverb which denotes the degree or grade by which a person, thing, or other entity has a property or quality greater or less in extent than that of another. In English the structure of a comparative consists normally of the positive form of the adjective or adverb, plus the suffix -er, or (especially in the case of longer words) the modifier "more" (or "less") before the adjective or adverb. The form is usually completed by "than" and the noun which is being compared, e.g. "he is taller than his father is", or "the village is less picturesque than the town near by is". (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative 17.11.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:DegreeFeature
Tags / Individuals:
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ConditionalVerb
Comment:
These are finite verbs which are classified in Eagles by the attribute "Verb form" with the value "Conditional".
A conditional verb is a verb form in many languages. It is used to express degrees of certainty or uncertainty and hypothesis about past, present, or future. Such forms often occur in conditional sentences.
(in according to the definition: conditional mood http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_mood 19.09.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:FiniteVerb
Tags / Individuals:
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Conjunction
Comment:
A conjunction is in Eagles an obligatory major category with the abbreviation C.
A conjunction is a word that syntactically links words or larger constituents, and expresses a semantic relationship between them.
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAConjunction.htm 19.09.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:E-EaglesCategory
Tags / Individuals:
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CoordinatingConjunction
Comment:
These are conjunctions which are classified in Eagles by the attribute "Type" with the value "Coordinating".
Coordinating conjunctions, also called coordinators, are conjunctions that join two items of equal syntactic importance.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_conjunction 19.09.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:Conjunction
>=
( ! e-eagles:SubordinatingConjunction
)
Tags / Individuals:
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CoordTypeFeature
Comment:
The CoordType attribute subclassifies coordinating conjunctions. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1av 17.11.06)
Missing in GOLD.
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:E-EaglesFeature
Tags / Individuals:
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Copula
Comment:
A copula is an intransitivity verb which links a subject to a noun phrase, an adjective or an other constituent which expresses the predicate.
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsACopula.htm 19.09.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:AuxiliaryVerb
Tags / Individuals:
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Correlative
Comment:
When the same word is also placed before the first conjunct, as in French "ou...ou...", the former occurrence is given the Correlative value and the latter the Simple value. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1av 17.11.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:CoordTypeFeature
Tags / Individuals:
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CountableNoun
Comment:
These are nouns which are classified/ specified in Eagles by the optional attribute "Countability" with the value "Countable".
A countable noun (also count noun) is a noun which can be modified by a numeral and occur in both singular and plural form, as well as co-occurring with quantificational determiners like every, each, several, most, etc..
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countable_noun 19.09.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>=
( ! e-eagles:MassNoun
)
>= e-eagles:Noun
Tags / Individuals:
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Dative
Comment:
Dative case is a case that marks an Indirect objects (for languages in which they are held to exist) or a nouns having the role of a recipient (as of things given), a beneficiary of an action, or a possessor of an item. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsDativeCase.htm 17.11.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:CaseFeature
Tags / Individuals:
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Definite
Comment:
Definite is a feature of noun phrases, for entities which are specific and identifiable in a given context (definite noun phrases). (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definiteness 20.11.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:DefinitenessFeature
Tags / Individuals:
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DefiniteArticle
Comment:
These are articles which are classified/ specified in Eagles by the attribute "Article-Type" with the value "Definite".
A definite article is used before singular and plural nouns that refer to a particular member of a group.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_%28grammar%29 18.09.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:Article
>=
( !
(
e-eagles:IndefiniteArticle | e-eagles:PartitiveArticle
) )
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
DefinitenessFeature
Comment:
In grammatical theory, definiteness is a feature of noun phrases, distinguishing between entities which are specific and identifiable in a given context (definite noun phrases) and entities which are not (indefinite noun phrases).
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definiteness 02.05.07)
An in Eagles additional language-specific attribute for nouns/ noun phrases is Definiteness.
(http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node19.html#oav2 16.11.06)
Missing in GOLD.
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:E-EaglesFeature
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
DegreeAdverb
Comment:
These are adverbs which are classified in Eagles by the optional additional attribute "Adverb-Type" with the value "Degree".
Any adverb which modifies an adjective, an adverb, a verbal particle, a preposition, a conjunction or a determiner is a degree adverb. (http://xlex.uni-muenster.de/Portal/MTPE/tagsetDescriptionEN.doc p. 113, 8.1 Degree Adverbs 23.09.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>=
( ! e-eagles:PronominalAdverb
)
>= e-eagles:Adverb
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
DegreeFeature
Comment:
The in Eagles recommended attribute Degree applies only to inflectional comparatives and superlatives. In some languages, e.g. Spanish, the number of such adjectives is very small. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#recn)
Missing in GOLD.
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:E-EaglesFeature
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
DemonstrativeDeterminer
Comment:
These are determiners which are classified in Eagles by the attribute "Det.-Type" with the value "Demonstrative".
Demonstratives are deictic words (they depend on an external frame of reference) which indicate entities a speaker refers to, and distinguishes those entities from others. Demonstratives are usually employed for spatial deixis (using the context of the physical surroundings), but in many languages they double as discourse deictics, referring not to concrete objects but to words, phrases and propositions mentioned in speech.
( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonstrative 19.09.06 )
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:Determiner
>=
( !
(
e-eagles:PartitiveDeterminer | e-eagles:IndefiniteDeterminer | e-eagles:PossessiveDeterminer | e-eagles:WHDeterminer
) )
>=
( ! e-eagles:Article
)
Tags / Individuals:
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DemonstrativePronoun
Comment:
These are pronouns which are classified in Eagles by the attribute "Pron.-Type" with the value "Demonstrative".
Demonstrative Pronoun are deictic words (they depend on an external frame of reference). They indicate which entities a speaker refers to, and distinguishes those entities from others.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonstrative_pronoun 19.09.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>=
( !
(
e-eagles:IndefinitePronoun | e-eagles:PossessivePronoun | e-eagles:WHPronoun | e-eagles:PersReflPronoun
) )
>= e-eagles:Pronoun
Tags / Individuals:
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Determiner
Comment:
This is the E-Eagles PronounDeterminer class with the category Determiner.
A determiner is a noun modifier that expresses the reference of a noun or noun phrase in the context, including quantity, rather than attributes expressed by adjectives. This part of speech is defined in some languages, such as in English, as it is distinct from adjectives grammatically, though most English dictionaries still identify the determiners as adjectives.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determiner 19.09.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:PronounOrDeterminer
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
E-EaglesCategory
Comment:
Klassenhierarchie:
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
E-EaglesFeature
Comment:
grammatische Features
Klassenhierarchie:
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
ExclamatoryAdverb
Comment:
These are adverbs which are classified in Eagles by the optional additional attribute "Wh-Type" with the value "Exclamatory".
These are adverbs which express exclamation. An exclamatory sentence or exclamation is generally a more emphatic form of statement:" What a wonderful day this is!" And is often marked by anexclamatory mark "!".
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics) 07.05.07)
Exclamative sentences or exclamatives (Latin exclamare : "to call or cry out") are used to express strong feelings. They can begin with "what" or "how":
"What a naughty dog he is!", "What an amazing game that was!", "How well everyone played!"
(http://english.unitecnology.ac.nz/resources/resources/exp_lang/sentence.html 07.05.07)
Klassenhierarchie:
>=
( !
(
e-eagles:InterrogativeAdverb | e-eagles:RelativeAdverb
) )
>= e-eagles:WHTypeAdverbs
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
ExclamatoryDeterminer
Comment:
These are determiners which are classified in Eagles by the optional additional attribute "Wh-Type" with the value "Exclamatory".
An exclamatory sentence or exclamation is generally a more emphatic form of statement:" What a wonderful day this is!" And is often marked by anexclamatory mark "!".
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics) 07.05.07)
A exclamatory determiner is used in combination with a NP (Nominal Phrase), e.g. "What a lovely colour!"
(http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/pub/eagles/lexicons/elm_en.ps.gz , p. 27, 07.05.07)
Klassenhierarchie:
>=
( !
(
e-eagles:InterrogativeDeterminer | e-eagles:RelativeDeterminer
) )
>= e-eagles:WHDeterminer
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
ExclamatoryPronoun
Comment:
These are pronouns which are classified in Eagles by the optional additional attribute "Wh-Type" with the value "Exclamatory".
An exclamative pronoun is a word which marks an exclamation.
( according to the definition: exclamative
http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnExclamative.htm 19.09.06 )
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:WHPronoun
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
FamiliarSecondPersonPronoun
Comment:
These are SecondPersonPronouns which are classified in Eagles by the optional attribute "Politness" with the value "Familiar".
The attribute of politeness (polite/ familiar) is limited to second-person pronouns.
In e.g. French it is possible Familiar simply as pragmatic values encoded through other attributes - especially person and number.
(http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1p19.09.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:SecondPersonPronoun
>=
( ! e-eagles:PoliteSecondPersonPronoun
)
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
Feminine
Comment:
Feminine gender is a grammatical gender that marks nouns, articles, pronouns, etc. that have human or animal female referents, and often marks nouns that have referents that do not carry distinctions of sex. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node19.html#oav2at 17.11.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:GenderFeature
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
FiniteVerb
Comment:
These are verbs which are classified in Eagles by the attribute "Finiteness" with the value "Finite".
A finite verb is a verb form that occurs in an independent clause, and is fully inflected according to the inflectional categories marked on verbs in the language.
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAFiniteVerb.htm 19.09.06)
Finiteness is defined here heuristically by the appearance of Tense, but note that sometimes tense congruency is marked at nonfinite verbal forms, too, e.g. "infinitive present" and "infinitive past" in Old Norse.
Klassenhierarchie:
>=
( ! e-eagles:NonFiniteVerb
)
>= e-eagles:Verb
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
First
Comment:
First person deixis is deictic reference that refers to the speaker e.g. "I", or both the speaker and referents grouped with the speaker e.g. "we". "Am" is the first person form of the verb "be". (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsFirstPersonDeixis.htm 20.11.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:PersonFeature
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
FirstPersonPronoun
Comment:
These are pronouns which are classified in Eagles by the attribute "Person" with the value " First".
A FirstPersonPronoun refers to the speaker, or to both the speaker and referents grouped with the speaker.
( in according to the definition: FirstPersonDeixis
http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsFirstPersonDeixis.htm 19.09.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>=
( ! e-eagles:ThirdPersonPronoun
)
>= e-eagles:Pronoun
>=
( ! e-eagles:SecondPersonPronoun
)
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
Foreign
Comment:
These are residuals which are classified by the attribute "Type" with the value "ForeignWord".
A foreign word is a text word which lies outside the traditionally accepted range of grammatical classes, it occurs quite commonly in many texts and very commonly in some. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node16.html#mr 19.09.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:Residual
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
Formula
Comment:
These are residuals which are classified in Eagles by the attribute "Type" with the value "Formula".
A formula (mathematical formulae) is a text word which lies outside the traditionally accepted range of grammatical classes, it occurs quite commonly in many texts and very commonly in some. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node16.html#mr 19.09.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:Residual
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
FusedPrepArt
Comment:
This classification attribute "Type" with the value "FusedPrepArt" belongs to the class adposition.
The additional value Fused prep-art is for the benefit of those who do not find it practical to split fused words such as French au (= à + le) into two text words. This very common phenomenon of a fused preposition + article in West European languages should preferably, however, be handled by assigning two tags to the same orthographic word (one for the preposition and one for the article).
(http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1ap 19.09.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:Article
>= e-eagles:Preposition
==
(
e-eagles:Preposition | e-eagles:Article
)
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
Future
Comment:
The future is a tense used to refer to events that have yet to happen. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future 17.11.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:TenseFeature
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
GenderFeature
Comment:
The term gender refers to various forms of expressing biological or sociological gender by inflecting words. Nouns, pronouns, articles and the adjectives denote the gender of their referent. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_gender 17.11.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:E-EaglesFeature
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
Genitive
Comment:
Genitive case is a case in which the referent of the marked noun is the possessor of the referent of another noun, e.g. "the man's foot". In some languages, genitive case may express an associative relation between the marked noun and another noun. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsGenitiveCase.htm 17.11.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:CaseFeature
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
Gerund
Comment:
These are non-finite verbs which are classified in Eagles by the attribute "Verb form" with the value "Gerund".
A gerund is a kind of verbal noun that exists in some languages. In today's English, gerunds are nouns built from a verb with an '-ing' suffix. They can be used as the subject of a sentence, an object, or an object of preposition. They can also be used to complement a subject. Often, gerunds exist side-by-side with nouns that come from the same root but the gerund and the common noun have different shades of meaning.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerund, http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/English:Gerund 19.09.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:NonFiniteVerb
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
HeadFunction
Comment:
The HeadFunction is a function of an adjective or participle that can serve as the focus of the phrase.
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:NPFunctionFeature
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
ImperativeVerb
Comment:
These are finite verbs which are classified in Eagles by the attribute "Verb form" with the value "Imperative".
A imperative verb is used to express commands, direct requests, and prohibitions. In many circumstances, directly using the imperative mood seems blunt or even rude, so it is often used with care. Example: "Paul, read that book".
(in according to the definition: imperative mood http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_mood#Imperative_mood 19.09.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:FiniteVerb
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
Imperfect
Comment:
The imperfect tense, in the classical grammar of several Indo-European languages, denotes a past tense with an imperfective aspect. It corresponds to the English past-continuous tense. In contrast, the imperfect tense in Hebrew grammar is called thus because it refers to "uncompleted" action and therefore denotes present or future time.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperfect 02.05.07)
Missing in GOLD, probably because GOLD is oriented towards a strictly temporal orientation whereas the imperfect (cf. Weinrich 1964) is a traditional term which is also sensitive to discourse conditions. Also see Imperfective.
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:TenseFeature
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
Imperfective
Comment:
The Imperfective aspect is an aspect that expresses an event or state, with respect to its internal structure, instead of expressing it as a simple whole. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsImperfectiveAspect.htm 17.11.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:AspectFeature
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
Indeclinable
Comment:
Indeclinable is in Eagles an optional CaseFeature value for adjectives, specially in Greek language. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node19.html#oav2a 17.11.06)
As it does not represent a grammatical case, but only the absence of overt morphology, it is not represented in Gold.
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:CaseFeature
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
Indefinite
Comment:
Indefinite is a feature of noun phrases, for entities which are not specific and identifiable in a given context (indefinite noun phrases). (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definiteness 20.11.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:DefinitenessFeature
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
IndefiniteArticle
Comment:
These are articles which are classified/ specified in Eagles by the attribute "Article-Type" with the value "Indefinite".
An indefinite article is used before singular nouns that refer to any member of a group.(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_%28grammar%29 18.09.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:Article
>=
( !
(
e-eagles:DefiniteArticle | e-eagles:PartitiveArticle
) )
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
IndefiniteDeterminer
Comment:
These are determiners which are classified in Eagles by the attribute "Det.-Type" with the value "Indefinite".
An indefinite determiner is a determiner that expresses a referent's indefinite number or amount, i.e. "some", "any", "many".
(in according to: http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAQuantifier.htm 22.09.06 )
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:Determiner
>=
( !
(
e-eagles:DemonstrativeDeterminer | e-eagles:PartitiveDeterminer | e-eagles:PossessiveDeterminer | e-eagles:WHDeterminer
) )
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
IndefinitePronoun
Comment:
These are pronouns which are classified in Eagles by the attribute "Pron.-Type" with the value "Indefinite".
An indefinite pronoun is a pronoun that belongs to a class whose members indicate indefinite reference. Examples in English are "anybody", "one", "somebody".
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnIndefinitePronoun.htm 19.09.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>=
( !
(
e-eagles:DemonstrativePronoun | e-eagles:WHPronoun | e-eagles:PersReflPronoun
) )
>= e-eagles:Pronoun
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
IndicativeVerb
Comment:
These are finite verbs which are classified in Eagles by the attribute "Verb form" with the value "Indicative".
An indicative verb is used in factual statements. All intentions in speaking that a particular language does not put into another mood use the indicative. It is the most commonly used mood and is found in all languages.
(in according to the definition: indicative mood http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_mood#Indicative_mood 19.09.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:FiniteVerb
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
Infinitive
Comment:
These are non-finite verbs which are classified in Eagles by the attribute "Verb form" with the value "Infinitive".
An infinitive is the base form of a verb. It is unmarked for inflectional categories such as the following: Aspect, Modality, Number, Person and Tense.
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnInfinitive.htm 19.09.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:NonFiniteVerb
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
InflectionTypeFeature
Comment:
InflectionType is in Eagles an optional attribute for adjectives. Weak and Strong are values for adjectival inflection in the Germanic languages German, Dutch and Danish. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1av 14.11.06)
Missing in GOLD.
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:E-EaglesFeature
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
ing
Comment:
It is just as an example for multiple inheritance:
EAGLES suggested verb form 'Ing' as a cover term for the Gerund-Participle-Merger in English.
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:Gerund
>= e-eagles:Participle
>= e-eagles:Participle
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
Initial
Comment:
When two distinct words occur, as in German "weder...noch...", then the first is given the Initial value. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1av 17.11.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:CoordTypeFeature
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
Interjection
Comment:
An interjection is in Eagles an obligatory major category with the abbreviation I.
An interjection is a form, typically brief, such as one syllable or word, which is used most often as an exclamation or part of an exclamation. It typically expresses an emotional reaction, often with respect to an accompanying sentence and may include a combination of sounds not otherwise found in the language.
e.g. in English: psst; ugh; well, well
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnInterjection.htm 19.09.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:E-EaglesCategory
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
InterrogativeAdverb
Comment:
These are adverbs which are classified in Eagles by the optional additional attribute "Wh-Type" with the value "Interrogative".
These adverbs are used to introduce questions, e.g. " When are you coming?"
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:WHTypeAdverbs
>=
( !
(
e-eagles:RelativeAdverb | e-eagles:ExclamatoryAdverb
) )
>= gold03-extended:InterrogativeProform
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
InterrogativeDeterminer
Comment:
These are determiners which are classified in Eagles by the optional additional attribute "Wh-Type" with the value "Interrogative".
In linguistics, an interrogative word is a function word used to introduce an interrogative clause.
E.g. "which", "what", "whose" (interrogative possessive determiner) are interrogative determiner in English. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrogative_word 02.05.07)
Klassenhierarchie:
>=
( !
(
e-eagles:RelativeDeterminer | e-eagles:ExclamatoryDeterminer
) )
>= e-eagles:WHDeterminer
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
InterrogativePronoun
Comment:
These are pronouns which are classified by the optional additional attribute "Wh-Type" with the value "Interrogative".
A interrogative pronoun is a pro-form that is used in questions to stand for the item questioned.
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnInterrogativeProForm.htm 19.09.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>=
( !
(
e-eagles:RelativePronoun | e-eagles:ExclamatoryPronoun
) )
>= e-eagles:WHPronoun
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
LeftParentheticalPunctuation
Comment:
Under LeftParentheticalPunctuation are placed punctuation marks which signal the initiation of a constituent, such as (, [ , and ¿ in Spanish).
(http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#recv 19.09.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:Punctuation
>=
( !
(
e-eagles:SentenceFinalPunctuation | e-eagles:SentenceMedialPunctuation | e-eagles:RightParentheticalPunctuation
) )
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
Masculine
Comment:
Masculine gender is a grammatical gender that marks nouns, articles, pronouns, etc. having human or animal male referents, and often marks nouns having referents that do not have distinctions of sex. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsMasculineGender.htm 17.11.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:GenderFeature
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
MassNoun
Comment:
These are nouns which are classified/ specified in Eagles by the optional attribute "Countability" with the value "Mass".
A mass noun (also uncountable noun or non-count noun) can't be modified by a numeral, occur in singular/plural or co-occur with the relevant kind of determiner.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_noun 19.09.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>=
( ! e-eagles:CountableNoun
)
>= e-eagles:Noun
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
MixedFlection
Comment:
For example, in German, the mixed inflection takes its name from the fact that it has endings from both the strong inflection and the weak inflection. The mixed inflection is used after the indefinite article
"ein" and after "irgendein" e.g. "(irgend) ein kleines Kind", after "kein" or after possessive pronouns e.g. "ihr kleines Kind". (http://www.canoo.net/services/OnlineGrammar/Wort/Adjektiv/Deklinationstyp/Gemischt.html?MenuId=Word3132 20.11.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:InflectionTypeFeature
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
ModalVerb
Comment:
A modal verb (also modal, modal auxiliary verb, modal auxiliary) is a type of auxiliary verb that is used to indicate modality. The use of auxiliary verbs to express modality is characteristic of Germanic languages.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modal_verb 19.09.06)
It is roughly corresponding to the (optional, for French only) feature value "semiauxiliary" in EAGLES.
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:AuxiliaryVerb
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
Neuter
Comment:
Neuter gender is a grammatical gender that includes those nouns, articles, pronouns, etc. having referents which do not have distinctions of sex, and often includes some which do have a natural sex distinction. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsNeuterGender.htm 17.11.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:GenderFeature
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
Nominative
Comment:
Nominative case is the case that identifies clause subjects in nominative-accusative languages. Nouns used in isolation have this case. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsNominativeCase.htm 17.11.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:CaseFeature
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
NonFiniteVerb
Comment:
These are verbs which are classified in Eagles by the attribute "Finiteness" with the value "Non-finite".
A non-finite verb is a verb that is not fully inflected for categories that are marked inflectionally in a language, such as the following: Tense, Aspect, Modality, Number, Person.
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsANonfiniteVerb.htm 19.09.06)
Nonfinite verbs usually cannot serve as verbs in phrases without an auxilliary. However, as this is defined for finite verbs by the obligatory tense marking, the corresponding definition not to be marked for tense cannot be applied to nonfinites, as there are counter-examples from Old Norse with "Infinitive Past" and "Infinitive Present".
Subclasses of non-finite verbs are not yet presented in Gold (with the exception of verbal noun), so, sub-concepts of NonFiniteVerb are not linked to Gold in any special way.
Klassenhierarchie:
>=
( ! e-eagles:FiniteVerb
)
>= e-eagles:Verb
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
NonGenitive
Comment:
NonGenitive is in Eagles a value of the recommended attribute case for pronouns and determiners. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#recv 17.11.06)
This seems to be specific to English, in order to represent the diachronic relationship between personal pronouns in Genitive case and possessive pronouns. In Old English, however, a differentiation between genitive pronouns and possessive pronouns can be made based on inflectional paradigms, hence "sín" (his, her) can be regarded as a proper possessive pronoun, whereas "his" (his) and "hire" (her) are regular genitive forms of possessive pronouns and are thus to be described as both "NonGenitive" (i.e. personal pronoun, no possessive) and "Genitive" (i.e. with Genitive inflection). I recommend to omit this feature.
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:CaseFeature
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
NonInitial
Comment:
When two distinct words occur, as in German weder...noch..., then the second is given the Non-initial value. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1av 17.11.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:CoordTypeFeature
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
NonReflexive
Comment:
A non-reflexive verb is a verb whose semantic agent and patient (typically represented syntactically by the subject and the direct object) are not the same. (in according to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflexive_verbs 20.11.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:ReflexivityFeature
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
NonSeparable
Comment:
Non-separable verbs are not composed of a verb stem and a separable affix. (cp. SeparabilityFeature: Separable)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:SeparabilityFeature
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
Noun
Comment:
A noun is in Eagles an obligatory major category with the abbreviation N.
A noun, or noun substantive, is a part of speech (a word or phrase) which can co-occur with (in)definite articles and attributive adjectives, and function as the head of a noun phrase.
The word "noun" derives from the Latin 'nomen' meaning "name", and a traditional definition of nouns is that they are all and only those expressions that refer to a person, place, thing, event, substance, quality, idea or an appointment. They serve as the subject or object of a verb, and the object of a preposition.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun 19.09.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:E-EaglesCategory
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
NPFunctionFeature
Comment:
NPFunction is an additional optional attribute for adjectives. It subsumes the values HeadFunction, Postmodifying and Premodifying. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1a 20.11.06)
Missing in GOLD, but probably a matter of syntax rather than morphology.
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:E-EaglesFeature
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
NumberFeature
Comment:
A grammatical number is a morphological category characterized by the expression of quantity through inflection or agreement. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_number 17.11.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:E-EaglesFeature
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
Numeral
Comment:
A numeral is in Eagles an obligatory major category with the abbreviation NU.
A numeral is a word, functioning most typically as an adjective or pronoun, that expresses a number, and relation to the number, such as one of the following: Quantity, Sequence, Frequency, Fraction.
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsANumeral.htm 19.09.06)
In some languages (e.g. Portuguese) this category is not normally considered to be a separate part of speech, because it can be subsumed under others (e.g. cardinal numerals behave like pronouns/determiners; ordinal numerals behave more like adjectives).
(http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#recv 19.09.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:Quantifier
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
Oblique
Comment:
In Eagles the value Oblique applies to pronouns such as "them" and "me" in English, and equivalent pronouns such as "dem" and "mig" in Danish. These occur in object function, and also after prepositions. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#reca 15.11.06)
Missing in Gold, the examples given above correspond to the Accusative, however.
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:CaseFeature
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
OrdinalNumber
Comment:
These are numerals which are classified in Eagles by the attribute "Type" with the value "Ordinal".
An ordinal number is a number belonging to a class whose members designate positions in a sequence, e.g. in English "First", "Second", "Third".
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAOrdinalNumeral.htm 19.09.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:Numeral
>=
( ! e-eagles:CardinalNumber
)
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
Participle
Comment:
These are non-finite verbs which are classified in Eagles by the attribute "Verb form" with the value "Participle".
A participle is a lexical item, derived from a verb that has some of the characteristics and functions of both verbs and adjectives.
In English, participles may be used as adjectives, and in non-finite forms of verbs.
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAParticiple.htm 19.09.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:NonFiniteVerb
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
PartitiveArticle
Comment:
These are articles which are classified/ specified in Eagles by the attribute "Article-Type" with the value "Partitive". (optional for French)
A partitive article indicates an indefinite quantity of a mass noun; there is no partitive article in English, though the words some or any often have that function. An example is French du / de la / des, as in Voulez-vous du café? ("Do you want some coffee?" or "Do you want coffee").
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_(grammar) 19.09.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:Article
>=
( !
(
e-eagles:DefiniteArticle | e-eagles:IndefiniteArticle
) )
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
PartitiveDeterminer
Comment:
These are determiners which are classified in Eagles by the attribute "Det.-Type" with the value "Partitive".
A partitive determiner indicates an indefinite quantity of a mass noun; there is no partitive article in English, though the words some or any often have that function.
(in according to the definition of partitive article)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:Determiner
>=
( ! e-eagles:Article
)
>=
( !
(
e-eagles:DemonstrativeDeterminer | e-eagles:IndefiniteDeterminer | e-eagles:PossessiveDeterminer | e-eagles:WHDeterminer
) )
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
Passive
Comment:
When the subject is the patient, target or undergoer of the action, it is said to be in the passive voice. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_voice 17.11.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:VoiceFeature
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
Past
Comment:
The past tense is a verb tense expressing action, activity, state or being in the past. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Past_tense 17.11.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:TenseFeature
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
Perfective
Comment:
The Perfective aspect is an aspect that expresses a temporal view of an event or state as a simple whole, apart from the consideration of the internal structure of the time in which it occurs. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsPerfectiveAspect.htm 17.11.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:AspectFeature
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
PersonalPronoun
Comment:
These are PersReflPronouns which are classified in Eagles by the optional attribute "Special PronounType" with the value "Personal".
A personal pronoun is a pronoun that expresses a distinction of person deixis. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPersonalPronoun.htm 19.09.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>=
( !
(
e-eagles:ReflexivePronoun | e-eagles:ReciprocalPronoun
) )
>= e-eagles:PersReflPronoun
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
PersonFeature
Comment:
The grammatical person is deictic reference to the participant role of a referent, such as the speaker, the addressee, and others. Grammatical person typically defines a language's set of personal pronouns. It also frequently affects verbs, sometimes nouns, and possessive relationships as well. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_person 17.11.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:E-EaglesFeature
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
PersReflPronoun
Comment:
These are pronouns which are classified in Eagles by the attribute "Pron.-Type" with the value "Pers/Ref".
In Eagles personal and reflexive pronouns are brought together as a single value Pers./Refl. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#recp 19.09.06)
Note: This class should be replaced by its sub-classification as it is induced by surface ambiguity only.
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:Pronoun
>=
( !
(
e-eagles:DemonstrativePronoun | e-eagles:IndefinitePronoun | e-eagles:PossessivePronoun | e-eagles:WHPronoun
) )
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
Plural
Comment:
Plural is a grammatical number, typically referring to more than one of the referent in the real world. In English, nouns, pronouns, and demonstratives inflect for plurality. In many other languages, for example German and the various Romance languages, articles and adjectives also inflect for plurality. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plural 17.11.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:NumberFeature
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
PoliteSecondPersonPronoun
Comment:
These are SecondPersonPronouns which are classified in Eagles by the optional attribute "Politness" with the value "Polite".
The attribute of politeness (polite/ familiar) is limited to second-person pronouns.
In e.g. French it is possible to treat Polite simply as pragmatic values encoded through other attributes - especially person and number.
In languages where there are special polite pronoun forms (e.g. Dutch u and Spanish usted), the additional Politeness attribute is required.
(http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1p 19.09.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:SecondPersonPronoun
>=
( ! e-eagles:FamiliarSecondPersonPronoun
)
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
Positive
Comment:
The Positive (also known as Absolutive) is the form of an adjective or adverb on which comparative and superlative are formed.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive 17.11.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:DegreeFeature
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
PossessiveDeterminer
Comment:
These are determiners which are classified in Eagles by the attribute "Det.-Type" with the value "Possessive".
A possessive determiner is a part of speech that modifies a noun by attributing ownership to someone or something (with some exceptions noted below).
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possessive_adjective 19.09.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>=
( !
(
e-eagles:DemonstrativeDeterminer | e-eagles:IndefiniteDeterminer | e-eagles:PartitiveDeterminer | e-eagles:WHDeterminer
) )
>= e-eagles:Determiner
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
PossessiveFeature
Comment:
The in Eagles recommended attribute Possessive accounts for the fact that a possessive pronoun or possessive determiner may have two different numbers. This attribute handles the number which is inherent to the possessive form (e.g. Italian "(la) mia", "(la) nostra" as first-person singular and first-person plural) as contrasted with the number it has by virtue of agreeing with a particular noun (e.g. Italian "(la) mia", "(le) mie)". (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#recc 20.11.06)
This is an artifact of the modelling in EAGLES. To be revised in E-EAGLES.
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:E-EaglesFeature
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
PossessivePlural
Comment:
This is the feature plural used for a possessive pronoun or possessive determiner.
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:PossessiveFeature
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
PossessivePronoun
Comment:
These are pronouns which are classified in Eagles by the attribute "Pron.-Type" with the value "Possessive".
A possessive pronoun is a pronoun that expresses relationships like ownership, such as kinship, and other forms of association.
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPossessivePronoun.htm 19.09.06)
It isn't disjoint with IndefinitePronoun (German: "jemandes" nach jemandes Pfeife tanzen), DemonstrativePronoun (German:"dessen" Zähne alle exakt gleich waren), WHPronoun (German:"wessen" Bedürfnissen soll sie genügen), ReflexivePronoun (Old English "sin" his/ her/ its).
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:Pronoun
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
PossessiveSingular
Comment:
This is the feature singular used for a possessive pronoun or possessive determiner.
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:PossessiveFeature
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
Postmodifying
Comment:
Postmodifying is a function of an adjective that can modify, describe, or qualify a preceding noun.
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:NPFunctionFeature
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
Postposition
Comment:
These are adpositions which are classified in Eagles by the optional attribute "Type" with the value "Preposition".
A postposition is an adposition that occurs after its complement.(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPostposition.htm 19.09.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>=
( ! e-eagles:Preposition
)
>= e-eagles:Adposition
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
PredicativeAdjective
Comment:
These are adjectives which are classified in Eagles by the additional optional attribute "Use" with the value "Predicative".
A predicative adjective is one which functions as part of the predicate of a sentence. This means that it is linked to the noun by a verb, often a copula (such as to be).
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjective 18.09.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>=
( ! e-eagles:AttributiveAdjective
)
>= e-eagles:Adjective
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
Premodifying
Comment:
Premodifying is a function of an adjective that can modify a following noun.
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:NPFunctionFeature
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
Preposition
Comment:
These are adpositions which are classified in Eagles by the attribute "Type" with the value "Preposition".
A preposition is an adposition that occurs before its complement.
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPreposition.htm 19.09.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:Adposition
>=
( ! e-eagles:Postposition
)
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
Prepositional
Comment:
Prepositional case is an in Eagles optional value of CaseFeature for Spanish pronouns and determiners. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node19.html#oav2v 15.11.06)
Missing in GOLD.
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:CaseFeature
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
Present
Comment:
Present tense is a tense that refers to the moment of utterance. It often refers to events or states that do not merely coincide with the moment of utterance, such as those that are continuous, habitual, or lawlike. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsPresentTense.htm 17.11.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:TenseFeature
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
PronominalAdverb
Comment:
These are adverbs which are classified in Eagles by the optional additional attribute "Adverb-Type" with the value "Pronominal".
Pronominal adverbs substitute for a preposition (which is incorporated into them) and an NP. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/elm_de/node235.html 21.09.06)
Pronominal adverbs can but don't have to be used for pronominal references, thus this special and diachronically important case is better described by the join of this with personal pronoun.
Klassenhierarchie:
>=
( ! e-eagles:DegreeAdverb
)
>= e-eagles:Adverb
>= gold03-extended:ProForm
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
Pronoun
Comment:
This is the E-Eagles PronounDeterminer with the category pronoun.
A pronoun is a pro-form which functions like a noun and substitutes for a noun or a noun-phrase. A language may have several classes of pronouns.
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPronoun.htm 19.09.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:PronounOrDeterminer
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
PronounOrDeterminer
Comment:
PronounOrDeterminer is in Eagles an obligatory major category with the abbreviation PD.
The parts of speech Pronoun, Determiner and Article heavily overlap in their formal and functional characteristics, and different analyses for different languages entail separating them out in different ways.
In Eagles Pronouns and Determiners are placed in one `super-category'. For some descriptions it may be thought best to treat them as totally different parts of speech.
(http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#recp 19.09.06)
At least one fundamental difference is merged here: determiners are purely modifiers whereas pronouns contribute independent meaning: this could be one criterion for higher-level organization of the ontology.
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:E-EaglesCategory
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
ProperNoun
Comment:
These are nouns which are classified/ specified in Eagles by the attribute "Type" with the value "Proper".
Proper nouns (also called proper names) are the names of unique entities.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun 19.09.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>=
( ! e-eagles:CommonNoun
)
>= e-eagles:Noun
>= gold03-extended:Substantive
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
Punctuation
Comment:
Punctuation is in Eagles an obligatory major category with the abbreviation PU.
Punctuation marks (PU) are treated here as a part of morphosyntactic annotation, as it is very common for punctuation marks to be tagged and to be treated as equivalent to words for the purposes of automatic tag assignment.
(http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node16.html#mp 19.09.06)
Wilson & Leech (1996) propose two alternative classifications: I will only implement the more interesting, i.e. position (the alternative is just enumeration of possible signs)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:E-EaglesCategory
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
Quantifier
Comment:
A quantifier is a determiner that expresses a referent's definite or indefinite number or amount. A quantifier functions as a modifier of a noun, or pronoun.
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAQuantifier.htm 19.09.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:E-EaglesCategory
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
ReciprocalPronoun
Comment:
These are PersReflPronouns which are classified in Eagles by the optional attribute "Special PronounType" with the value "Reciprocal".
A reciprocal pronoun is a pronoun that expresses a mutual feeling or action among the referents of a plural subject.
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAReciprocalPronoun.htm 19.09.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>=
( !
(
e-eagles:PersonalPronoun | e-eagles:ReflexivePronoun
) )
>= e-eagles:PersReflPronoun
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
Reflexive
Comment:
A reflexive verb is a verb whose semantic agent and patient (typically represented syntactically by the subject and the direct object) are the same. In many languages, reflexive constructions are rendered by transitive verbs followed by a reflexive pronoun, as in English -self (e. g., She threw herself to the floor.). (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflexive_verbs 20.11.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:ReflexivityFeature
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
ReflexivePronoun
Comment:
These are PersReflPronouns which are classified in Eagles by the optional attribute "Special PronounType" with the value "Reflexive".
A reflexive pronoun is a pronoun that has coreference with the subject.
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAReflexivePronoun.htm 19.09.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:PersReflPronoun
>=
( !
(
e-eagles:PersonalPronoun | e-eagles:ReciprocalPronoun
) )
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
ReflexivityFeature
Comment:
The optional attribute Reflexivity is applied to main verbs in French, German, Dutch, etc., and determines the selection of "avoir" or "être", etc., as auxiliary for the Perfect.
(http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1c 15.11.06)
Missing in GOLD, but probably a feature of the lexicon rather than the grammar.
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:E-EaglesFeature
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
RelativeAdverb
Comment:
These are adverbs which are classified in Eagles by the optional additional attribute "Wh-Type" with the value "Relative".
The value relative is used for adverbs in clear relative cases as in: "The place 'where' i met you.", "The reason 'why' I did it."
(http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/pub/eagles/lexicons/elm_en.ps.gz , p. 33, 07.05.07)
Klassenhierarchie:
>=
( !
(
e-eagles:InterrogativeAdverb | e-eagles:ExclamatoryAdverb
) )
>= e-eagles:WHTypeAdverbs
>= gold03-extended:RelativePronoun
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
RelativeDeterminer
Comment:
These are determiners which are classified in Eagles by the optional additional attribute "Wh-Type" with the value "Relative".
The relative determiner describes a attributive relative pronoun. In German "wessen" in "Ich weiss nicht, wessen Auto das ist." or the English "whose" in "The man whose daughter became ill.".
The relative determiner needs a noun to complete a NP (Nominal Phrase).
(http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/pub/eagles/lexicons/elm_en.ps.gz , p. 28, 07.05.07)
Klassenhierarchie:
>=
( !
(
e-eagles:InterrogativeDeterminer | e-eagles:ExclamatoryDeterminer
) )
>= e-eagles:WHDeterminer
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
RelativePronoun
Comment:
These are pronouns which are classified in Eagles by the optional additional attribute "Wh-Type" with the value "Relative".
A relative pronoun is a pronoun that marks a relative clause, functions grammatically within the relative clause, and is coreferential to the word modified by the relative clause.
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsARelativePronoun.htm 19.09.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>=
( !
(
e-eagles:InterrogativePronoun | e-eagles:ExclamatoryPronoun
) )
>= e-eagles:WHPronoun
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
Residual
Comment:
A residual is in Eagles an obligatory major category with the abbreviation R.
In general, a residual is a positive or negative numeric difference between two numbers. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residual 19.09.06)
The residual value (R) is assigned to classes of text words which lie outside the traditionally accepted range of grammatical classes, although they occur quite commonly in many texts and very commonly in some. For example: foreign words, or mathematical formulae. It can be argued that these are on the fringes of the grammar or lexicon of the language in which the text is written. Nevertheless, they need to be tagged. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node16.html#mr 19.09.06)
The Unclassified category applies to word-like text segments which do not easily fit into any of the foregoing values. For example: incomplete words and pause fillers such as 'er' and 'erm' in transcriptions of speech, or written representations of singing such as 'dum-de-dum'.
Although words in the Residual category are on the periphery of the lexicon, they may take some of the grammatical characteristics, e.g., of nouns. Acronyms such as IBM are similar to proper nouns; symbols such as alphabetic characters can vary for singular and plural (e.g. How many Ps are there in `psychopath'?), and are in this respect like common nouns. In some languages (e.g. Portuguese) such symbols also have gender. It is quite reasonable that in some tagging schemes some of these classes of word will be classified under other parts of speech. (The Unclassified category applies to word-like text segments which do not easily fit into any of the foregoing values. For example: incomplete words and pause fillers such as er and erm in transcriptions of speech, or written representations of singing such as dum-de-dum. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#recr 19.09.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:E-EaglesCategory
>= gold03-extended:NotClassifiedGrammaticalUnit
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
RightParentheticalPunctuation
Comment:
Under RightParentheticalPunctuation are grouped punctuation marks which conclude a constituent the opening of which is marked by one of the devices in 3: e.g. ), ] and Spanish ? .
(http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#recv 19.09.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>=
( !
(
e-eagles:SentenceFinalPunctuation | e-eagles:SentenceMedialPunctuation | e-eagles:LeftParentheticalPunctuation
) )
>= e-eagles:Punctuation
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
Second
Comment:
Second person is deictic reference to a person or persons identified as addressee. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsSecondPersonDeixis.htm 20.11.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:PersonFeature
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
SecondPersonPronoun
Comment:
These are pronouns which are classified in Eagles by the attribute "Person" with the value "Second".
Second person pronoun is a pronoun which functions as deictic reference to a person or persons identified as addressee.
( in according to the definition: SecondPersonDeixis
http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsSecondPersonDeixis.htm 19.09.06 )
Klassenhierarchie:
>=
( ! e-eagles:ThirdPersonPronoun
)
>=
( ! e-eagles:FirstPersonPronoun
)
>= e-eagles:Pronoun
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
SentenceFinalPunctuation
Comment:
Under SentenceFinalPunctuation are grouped . ? !.
(http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#recv 19.09.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>=
( !
(
e-eagles:RightParentheticalPunctuation | e-eagles:SentenceMedialPunctuation | e-eagles:LeftParentheticalPunctuation
) )
>= e-eagles:Punctuation
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
SentenceMedialPunctuation
Comment:
Under SentenceMedialPunctuation are grouped , ; : - .
(http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#recv 19.09.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>=
( !
(
e-eagles:SentenceFinalPunctuation | e-eagles:RightParentheticalPunctuation | e-eagles:LeftParentheticalPunctuation
) )
>= e-eagles:Punctuation
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
SeparabilityFeature
Comment:
The in Eagles optional attribute Separability is relevant for German compound verbs ("fängt ...an", "anfangen") and also to phrasal verbs in Danish and English.
(http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1c 15.11.06)
Missing in GOLD, but probably a matter of the lexicon rather than the grammar.
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:E-EaglesFeature
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
Separable
Comment:
A separable verb is a verb that is composed of a verb stem and a separable affix. In some verb forms, the verb appears in one word, whilst in others the verb stem and the affix are separated. German and Dutch are notable for having many separable verbs. For example, the Dutch verb "aankomen" is a separable verb. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separable_verb 20.11.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:SeparabilityFeature
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
Simple
Comment:
Simple applies to the regular type of coordinator occurring between conjuncts: German und, for example. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1av 17.11.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:CoordTypeFeature
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
Singular
Comment:
Singular is a grammatical number denoting a unit quantity (as opposed to the plural and other forms). (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singular 17.11.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:NumberFeature
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
StrengthFeature
Comment:
Strength is in Eagles an additional language-specific attribute for pronouns and determiners. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node19.html#oav2av 20.11.06)
Strength is a feature to characterize pronouns.
Missing in GOLD, but probably a matter of the lexicon rather than the grammar.
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:E-EaglesFeature
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
StrictAuxiliaryVerb
Comment:
In addition to main and auxiliary verbs, it may be useful (e.g. in English) to recognise an intermediate category of semi-auxiliary for such verbs as be going to, have got to, ought to.
(http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1v 20.09.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:AuxiliaryVerb
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
Strong
Comment:
Strong pronouns are different from the weak pronouns (cp. StrengthFeature:Weak)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:StrengthFeature
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
StrongFlection
Comment:
For example, in German, when gender, number and case are not expressed by a determiner, the adjective takes the endings of the strong inflection. (http://www.canoo.net/services/OnlineGrammar/Wort/Adjektiv/Deklinationstyp/Stark.html 20.11.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:InflectionTypeFeature
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
SubjunctiveVerb
Comment:
These are finite verbs which are classified in Eagles by the attribute "Verb form" with the value "Subjunctive".
A subjunctive verb is typically used to expresses wishes, commands (in subordinate clauses), emotion, possibility, judgment, necessity, and statements that are contrary to fact at present.
(in according to the definition: subjunctive mood http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjunctive_mood 19.09.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:FiniteVerb
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
SubordinatingConjunction
Comment:
These are conjunctions which are classified/ specified in Eagles by the attribute "Type" with the value "Subordinating".
Subordinating conjunctions, also called subordinators, are conjunctions that introduce a dependent clause.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_conjunction 19.09.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>=
( ! e-eagles:CoordinatingConjunction
)
>= e-eagles:Conjunction
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
SubordTypeFeature
Comment:
The SubordType is in Eagles an additional language-specific attribute, applying to subordinating conjunctions only. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node19.html#oav2u 17.11.06)
Missing in GOLD, but probably better modelled by categories.
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:E-EaglesFeature
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
Superlative
Comment:
The superlative of an adjective or adverb is a form of adjective or adverb which indicates that something has some feature to a greater degree than anything it is being compared to in a given context. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superlative 17.11.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:DegreeFeature
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
Supine
Comment:
These are non-finite verbs which are classified in Eagles by the attribute "Verb form" with the value "Supine".
They are similar to infinitive of motion verbs.
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:NonFiniteVerb
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
Symbol
Comment:
These are residuals which are classified in Eagles by the attribute "Type" with the value "Symbol".
Symbols such as alphabetic characters can vary for singular and plural (e.g. How many Ps are there in `psychopath'?), and are in this respect like common nouns. In some languages (e.g. Portuguese) such symbols also have gender.
(http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#recr)
Spoken language, for example, consists of distinct auditory tokens for representing symbolic concepts (words), arranged in an order which further suggests their meaning.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol)
Symbolic usage is the use of a deictic expression in such a way that its interpretation depends only on general knowledge of the extralinguistic situation, rather than on physical (visual, and so forth) monitoring of it.
(http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsSymbolicUsage.htm 19.09.06)
Symbols are single-character items, thus, they have to be an e-gold:Character.
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:Residual
>= gold03-extended:Character
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
TenseFeature
Comment:
Tense is a grammatical category, typically marked on the verb, that deictically refers to the time of the event or state denoted by the verb in relation to some other temporal reference point. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsTense.htm 17.11.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:E-EaglesFeature
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
Third
Comment:
Third person is deictic reference to a referent(s) not identified as the speaker or addressee. For example in English "he", "she", "they" or the third person singular verb suffix -s, e.g. in "He sometimes flies." (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsThirdPersonDeixis.htm 20.11.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:PersonFeature
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
ThirdPersonPronoun
Comment:
These are pronouns which are classified in Eagles by the attribute "Person" with the value "Third".
Third person pronoun is a deictic reference to a referent(s) not identified as the speaker or addressee.
( in according to the definition: ThirdPersonDeixis
http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsThirdPersonDeixis.htm 19.09.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:Pronoun
>=
( ! e-eagles:SecondPersonPronoun
)
>=
( ! e-eagles:FirstPersonPronoun
)
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
Unique
Comment:
A unique is in Eagles an obligatory major category with the abbreviation U.
The unique value is applied to categories with a unique or very small membership, such as negative particle, which are `unassigned' to any of the standard part-of-speech categories. The value unique cannot always be strictly applied. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node16.html#mp 19.09.06)
No subcategories are recommended, although it is expected that tag sets for individual languages will need to identify such one-member word-classes as Negative particle, Existential particle, Infinitive marker, etc..
(http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#recv 19.09.06)
According to the definition and examples, this seems to be closely related to "particle" (i.e. uninflected function words, in a broader sense, everything which is not inflected is a particle, i.e. including interjections, in GOLD, uninflected items such as adpositions, conjunctions and interjections are excluded:
"A particle is a PartOfSpeech whose members do not belong to one of the main classes of words, is invariable, and typically has grammatical or pragmatic meaning.")
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:E-EaglesCategory
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
Unmarked
Comment:
This is to handle the suffixed definite article in Danish: e.g. "haven" (`the garden'); "havet" (`the sea').
(http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node19.html#oav2 16.11.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:DefinitenessFeature
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
Verb
Comment:
A verb is in Eagles an obligatory major category with the abbreviation V.
A verb is a part of speech that usually denotes action ("bring", "read"), occurrence ("decompose", "glitter"), or a state of being ("exist", "stand"). Depending on the language, a verb may vary in form according to many factors, possibly including its tense, aspect, mood and voice. It may also agree with the person, gender, and/or number of some of its arguments (subject, object, etc.).
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb 19.09.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:E-EaglesCategory
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
VerbalNoun
Comment:
A verbal noun is a noun formed directly as an inflexion of a verb or a verb stem, sharing at least in part its constructions. This term is applied especially to gerunds, and sometimes also to infinitives and supines.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbal_noun 19.09.06)
Some of the Chadic languages have morphologically opaque verbal noun stems in the progressive aspect, i.e. it is not obvious from the morphology that we deal with a deverbal noun, instead of a verb proper. In such cases, use the tag VN. (VN verbal noun (4.3.12.2))
N and V are not defined as disjoint in the EAGLES categorization yet, so we assign VN to both nouns and verbs.
(possibly a specific verb form ? a participle ?)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:NonFiniteVerb
>= e-eagles:CommonNoun
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
Vocative
Comment:
Vocative case is a case that marks a noun whose referent is being addressed. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsVocativeCase.htm 17.11.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:CaseFeature
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
VoiceFeature
Comment:
The voice of a verb describes the relationship between the action (or state) that the verb expresses and the participants identified by its arguments (subject, object, etc.). (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_voice 17.11.06)
The treatment of voice in EAGLES and GOLD is different. In EAGLES, only overtly morphologically expressed voice features are marked, in GOLD, it is a property of syntagmata, I presume. Hence, e-eagles:VoiceFeature covers a subclass of e-gold:VoiceValue only.
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:E-EaglesFeature
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
Weak
Comment:
Weak pronouns are helping pronouns many languages have for easily explaining the possessive status of something, to which something belongs. Many languages have different ways to express this. For example, English has distinctive words for all of these: "my", "mine". Germanic languages and Romance languages have the same, but inflect them for gender: (Spanish example) "mío", "mía", "míos" and "mías" ("mine", in the masculine singular, feminine singular, masculine plural, and feminine plural form, respectively). (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_pronoun 20.11.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:StrengthFeature
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
WeakFlection
Comment:
For example, in German, when a determiner expresses number, gender and case, the adjective takes the endings of the weak inflection. The weak adjective inflection has only two endings: –e and –en. (http://www.canoo.net/services/OnlineGrammar/Wort/Adjektiv/Deklinationstyp/Schwach.html 20.11.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:InflectionTypeFeature
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
WHDeterminer
Comment:
These are determiners which are classified in Eagles by the attribute "Det.-Type" with the value "Int./Rel.".
see remarks on WHPronoun
Klassenhierarchie:
>=
( !
(
e-eagles:DemonstrativeDeterminer | e-eagles:IndefiniteDeterminer | e-eagles:PossessiveDeterminer | e-eagles:PartitiveDeterminer
) )
>= e-eagles:Determiner
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
WHPronoun
Comment:
These are pronouns which are classified in Eagles by the attribute "Pron.-Type" with the value "Int./Rel.".
These pronouns begin with "wh-". This class subsumes ExclamatoryPronoun, InterrogativePronoun and RelativePronoun.
Note: this class should be replaced by its subclasses as it is introduced for reasons of surface-ambiguity only.
Klassenhierarchie:
>=
( !
(
e-eagles:DemonstrativePronoun | e-eagles:IndefinitePronoun | e-eagles:PersReflPronoun
) )
>= e-eagles:Pronoun
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
WHTypeAdverbs
Comment:
These are adverbs which are classified in Eagles by the optional additional attribute "Polarity" with the value "Wh-type".
A non-wh-type does not exist as this is simply the complement of this class.
again, see remarks on WHPronoun
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:Adverb
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
WithComparative
Comment:
For example, in German the subordinating conjunction "als" is followed by various kinds of comparative clause (including clauses without finite verbs). (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node19.html#oav2u 17.11.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:SubordTypeFeature
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
WithFinite
Comment:
For example, in German the subordinating conjunction "weil" introduces a clause with a finite verb. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node19.html#oav2u 17.11.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:SubordTypeFeature
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
WithInfinite
Comment:
For example, in German the subordinating conjunction "ohne" ("zu"...) is followed by an infinitive. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node19.html#oav2u 17.11.06)
Klassenhierarchie:
>= e-eagles:SubordTypeFeature
Tags / Individuals:
Table of Contents
hasAspect
Comment:
Property-Hierarchie:
>= e-eagles:hasFeature
Domain:
>= e-eagles:Verb
Range:
>= e-eagles:AspectFeature
hasCase
Comment:
Property-Hierarchie:
>= e-eagles:hasFeature
Domain:
>=
(
e-eagles:Noun | e-eagles:PronounOrDeterminer | e-eagles:Adjective | e-eagles:Numeral | e-eagles:Article
)
Range:
>= e-eagles:CaseFeature
hasCoordType
Comment:
Property-Hierarchie:
>= e-eagles:hasFeature
Domain:
>= e-eagles:CoordinatingConjunction
Range:
>= e-eagles:CoordTypeFeature
hasDefiniteness
Comment:
Property-Hierarchie:
>= e-eagles:hasFeature
Domain:
>= e-eagles:Noun
Range:
>= e-eagles:DefinitenessFeature
hasDegree
Comment:
Property-Hierarchie:
>= e-eagles:hasFeature
Domain:
>=
(
e-eagles:Adjective | e-eagles:Adverb
)
Range:
>= e-eagles:DegreeFeature
hasFeature
Comment:
Property-Hierarchie:
Domain:
Range:
hasGender
Comment:
Property-Hierarchie:
>= e-eagles:hasFeature
Domain:
>=
(
e-eagles:Noun | e-eagles:Verb | e-eagles:Adjective | e-eagles:PronounOrDeterminer | e-eagles:Article | e-eagles:Numeral | e-eagles:Residual
)
Range:
>= e-eagles:GenderFeature
hasInflectionType
Comment:
Property-Hierarchie:
>= e-eagles:hasFeature
Domain:
>= e-eagles:Adjective
Range:
>= e-eagles:InflectionTypeFeature
hasNPFunction
Comment:
Property-Hierarchie:
>= e-eagles:hasFeature
Domain:
>= e-eagles:Adjective
Range:
>= e-eagles:NPFunctionFeature
hasNumber
Comment:
Property-Hierarchie:
>= e-eagles:hasFeature
Domain:
>=
(
e-eagles:Noun | e-eagles:Adjective | e-eagles:Verb | e-eagles:PronounOrDeterminer | e-eagles:Article | e-eagles:Numeral | e-eagles:Residual
)
Range:
>= e-eagles:NumberFeature
hasPerson
Comment:
Property-Hierarchie:
>= e-eagles:hasFeature
Domain:
>=
(
e-eagles:Verb | e-eagles:PronounOrDeterminer
)
Range:
>= e-eagles:PersonFeature
hasPossessiveFeature
Comment:
Property-Hierarchie:
>= e-eagles:hasFeature
Domain:
>= e-eagles:PronounOrDeterminer
Range:
>= e-eagles:PossessiveFeature
hasReflexivity
Comment:
Property-Hierarchie:
>= e-eagles:hasFeature
Domain:
>= e-eagles:Verb
Range:
>= e-eagles:ReflexivityFeature
hasSeparability
Comment:
Property-Hierarchie:
>= e-eagles:hasFeature
Domain:
>= e-eagles:Verb
Range:
>= e-eagles:SeparabilityFeature
hasStrength
Comment:
Property-Hierarchie:
>= e-eagles:hasFeature
Domain:
>= e-eagles:PronounOrDeterminer
Range:
>= e-eagles:StrengthFeature
hasSubordType
Comment:
Property-Hierarchie:
>= e-eagles:hasFeature
Domain:
>= e-eagles:SubordinatingConjunction
Range:
>= e-eagles:SubordTypeFeature
hasTense
Comment:
Property-Hierarchie:
>= e-eagles:hasFeature
Domain:
>= e-eagles:Verb
Range:
>= e-eagles:TenseFeature
hasVoice
Comment:
Property-Hierarchie:
>= e-eagles:hasFeature
Domain:
>= e-eagles:Verb
Range:
>= e-eagles:VoiceFeature