]> OLiA Annotation Model for the morphosyntactic, syntactic, semantic and discourse annotations of the Tübingen Tibetan corpora as described by Wagner and Zeisler (2004). Note that only the annotations of the corpora are covered, not the specifications of the lexicons (Zeisler 2009, §6) Originally applied to Old Tibetan, Classical Tibetan, Balti and Ladakh. Unless marked otherwise, all comments from this document are quotes from Zeisler (2009). Note that the taxonomy adopted here precisely corresponds to the organisation of the tagset. There are some idiosyncrasies that are preserved here. In particular, many MorphFeatures are better to be modeled as subcategories of POS tags, and in general, the differentiation between UnitOfAnnotation and Feature seems to be blurred. Wagner, A. and Zeisler, B. (2004), A syntactically annotated corpus of Tibetan. In Proc. Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2004), Lisboa, Portugal, May 2004 Zeisler, Bettina (2009). Project B11: Semantic roles, case relations, and cross-clausal reference in Tibetan: Annotation, online under http://www.sfb441.uni-tuebingen.de/b11/b11annotation.html, version of 03-31-2009 2006 created on the basis of data samples and rudimentary documentation provided by Bettina Zeisler 2010-04-08 updated 2011-07-27 complete revision on the basis of http://www.sfb441.uni-tuebingen.de/b11/b11annotation.html Christian Chiarcos, chiarcos@uni-potsdam.de Abl ablative (nas, las) PPosAbl ablative postposition Abs absolutive PRON2voc addressing pronoun (WT wa, la) ADJ nominal adjective (only derived bi- or multisyllabic forms) Generalization over all annotations containing ADJ ADV plain adverb generalization over all ADJ tags AvP adverbial noun phrase Aes aesthetive (=DatLoc), only WT, CT/OT only for yod 'have' (Zeisler 2009) West Tibetan ... is distinguished by having widespread use of an "Aesthetive subject": dative/locative marker with transitive accidental event verbs, only rarely found in Lhasa Tibetan. (Zeisler, Bettina (2004), Relative Tense and Aspectual Values in Tibetan Languages. A Comparative Study. Trends in Linguistics, Studies and Monographs 150, Mouton de Gruyter, 2004) quest.alt1 first part of alternative question (finite verb) quest.alt2 second part of alternative question (finite verb) anaph-chained anaphoric sentence connection (the finite verb is repeated as non-finite verb) ":x" for subcategories (all ":x" subcategories involve animacy) :anim animate antithetical constructions anti antithetical (konzessiv, adversativ: obwohl, zwar) anti2 the corresponding counterpart NP noun phrase as argument emb.attr embedded attributive or modifying nominal clause (with genitive, preceding head noun) type="AUX" auxiliary verbs NP-bound bound argument of a collocation case //tok/desc/case ClassicalTibetan has 9 morphological cases: instrumental, dative/locative, locative/purposive, locative, ablative I and II, comitative, genitive, plus absolutive, Ladakhi 6: instrumental, dative/locative, ablative, comitative, genitive, plus absolutive. While only the dative/locative can be used for an experiencer subject or a recipient, we cannot predict which of the locative will be used for more peripheral arguments, such as beneficiary or direction, nor can we predict when a corresponding postposition is used instead. Likewise we cannot predict which of the ablative morphemes will be used or whether it will not be replaced by a corresponding postposition. For this reason, directional morphemes and postpositions are treated as belongiong to abstract case variables. ... Additionally we distinguish between the subject case markers ergative (= instrumental), and aesthetive (= dative/locative) and markers for more peripheral arguments, as the subject case markers follow different patterns of case variation. (Wagner & Zeisler 2004) chained clause chaining, non-finite Verb (linear, iconic representation of main story line: events 1, 2, 3 correspond to verbs 1, 2, 3) clauseCat //clause/clauseCat -iq indefinite quantifier/qualifier: tsam, "how much, as much" -lq limiting quantifier {cig} -cm collective marker dag Com comitative (or sociative: daÅ‹) PPosCom comitative postposition complex sentences (more than 1 clause) type="compound" cond condition clause (non-finite verb), necessary followed by cres CONJ conjunction dir -CONJ-tags bezeichnen Fälle, in denen die das traditionell als eigenständig aufgefasste Partikel als zum Wort gehöriges Morphem aufgefasst wird (Zeisler, p.c. 2006) DatLoc dative/locative (la) Generalisation over all tags that are characterised as "deixis" (Zeisler 2006. p.c.), or "demonstratives" (Zeisler 2009) generalization over "demonstrative adjectives" generalization over all categories that make reference to "demonstrative pronoun" -df determiniser po/de WT this is almost certainly a typo for "Determiner" DM directive marker, for commands, prohibitions, and optatives discontinuative pos elements the first element remains without id and frame; both elements are linked with pointers discMV discontinuative modal verb construction discSCV discontinuative serial verb construction DEMfar.ADJ distal demonstrative adjective (compound) DEMfar distal demonstrative pronoun el.chained elliptical chained, i.e., morphological ellipsis Vε (cross clausal group inflection: the first members appear in a non-modified, thus seemingly finite form, but the morphemes of the final non-finite verb operates also on the preceeding verbs) embedded (subordinated) clauses emb.nom embedded nominalised clause (following head noun) emb.prop embedded proposition, indirect speech, thought, or perception (Loc/Purp-marking) emb.spch embedded speech, not introduced by verbum dicendi but preceded by agent of final verbum dicendi(e.g. khos "..." (ces) gsuÅ‹s) emb.cont phrasal content of thought or perception (Abs-marking) EDEM emphatic demonstrative pronoun "exactly this/that one" EPRON emphatic pronoun (PRON + raÅ‹ oder ñid); an additional number indicates the person endchain: last finite verb of a chain of clauses endchain-spch.intro: last non-finite introductory verbum dicendi of a chain of clauses Erg ergative (=Instr in OT/CT) .excl exclusive plural (only PRON1) EP expeditive procedure (addressing the addressee in a speech act) feature //tok/desc/feature //s simple, simple-spch.intro, endchain, endchain-spch.intro, phrs-spch.intro, superord, cres, and quest.alt2, if not further modified, conclude a 'finite sentence' <s>. The same holds for postp.purp. simple simple sentence with finite verb without embedded or chained structures (maximal 1 clause; exceptions: 1. simple-spch.intro; 2. quest.alt1 plus quest.alt2) VFIN finite use of mere stem or complex periphrastic form (± final marker) FM focus marker Gen genitive (kyi/gyi/gi/yi/-ḥi) :inan inanimate (including abstract terms) .incl inclusive plural (only PRON1) IQ "indefinite quantifier/qualifier", e.g. tsam, "how much, as much" Instr instrumental (kyis/gyis/gis/yis/-s) PPosInstr instrumental postposition INTJ exclamation, interjection within the text cond.intro introductory condition clause, almost like a question (if you don't know/don't you know ..., this is x phrs-spch.intro speech introduction with na·re type="lwOpMV" leftward operating modal verb .pl plural form (.pl khoÅ‹) , not to be confused with plural marker -pl ~Loc locational case (including postpositions; for frame and realFrame) PPosLoc locational postposition Loc locative (na) LocPurp locative/purposive (tu/du/ru/-r/su) marginal types emb.mod modal, causal, or temporal subordination type="MV" modal verbs chain.mod modifying clause without embedding type="morph" Morpheme most of these morphemes seem to be clitics, but not all of them "-x" for morphemes are joined to the main elements for the sake of a flat annotation NAME personal or place name NEG negation nominal nominal clauses nominal-link.up nominal clauses with lhagbcas morpheme {ste} simple-spch.intro simple sentence with non-finite introductory verbum dicendi note that the encoding error in the individual original from the original HTML Vε non-finite use of mere stem (in the case of cross clausal group inflection: the first members appear in a non-modified, thus seemingly finite form, but the morphemes of the final non-finite verb operates also on the preceeding verbs; stylistic device for closely related event sequences, particularly frequent for ritual(ised) actions) V verb (any non-finite form) NOM noun ntNodeCat //ntNode/ntNodeCat as all instances of .x are plurals, -pl has been included here, too ".x" for lexicalised items, involves only plural forms NUM (cardinal) numeral, number word ONM onomatopoetica pos //tok/pos-modifying elemets (":x" for subcategories, ".x" for lexicalised items, and "-x" for morphemes are joined to the main elements for the sake of a flat annotation; one could have tagged them as features) paired constructions (the second member is typically finite, unless specified with one of the markers of chaining or embedding) morph pos //tok/pos, part of speech :pers person (also in the case of titles); typically cogitative or intentional persons above 7 years (small children and animals are typically not included; but deamons, deities, talking animals, and supernaturally intelligent children are intentional persons) PRON personal pronomen; an additional number indicates the person excl phrasal exclamation -pl plural marker (-pl kun, rnams), not to be confused with lexicalized plural (.pl khoÅ‹) ppAvP postponed AvP ppEP postponed EP ppNP postponed (full) NP postp.purp postponed purposive construction; is treated as finite verb (i.e. forms the end of a sentence) chain.purp non-embedded, i.e. preposed purposive clause ("in order to verb 1 / verb 2) pQ preposed question marker Generalisation over all tags that contain the substring PRON and refer to the category "pronoun" DEMnear proximal demonstrative pronoun DEMnear.ADJ proximate demonstrative adjective (compound) emb.purp purposive clause Generalization over different quantifier/qualifier categories QADJ quantitative adjective (including ordinals) (Zeisler, p.c., 2006), e.g., maÅ‹po 'many', gñiska 'both', etc. QF question final marker QPRON question pronoun QoADV quotation adverb {ces} QoI quote introduction na·re QoM quote marker lo WT type="reduplication" RFLX reflexive pronoun raÅ‹ RADJ relational (deiktic) adjective: gžan "other" relative clause constructions (pronominal) relat1 first part of relative construction (who dares) relat2 second part of relative construction (wins/that wins) QPRONrel question pronoun used as relative pronoun rel relator morpheme bas, WT basaÅ‹ (is often taken as a special form of the ablative las in comparative-like expressions; most probably we are dealing with bimorphemes: la + s and ba + s (saÅ‹), whose functional value depends on the context) cres result clause (finite verb) RT root: monosyllabic elements of adverbs or adjective-compounds that do not occur independently; AvP-s (adverbial phrases) are often derived from a root with the help of a locational case marker FIN (sentence) final marker SEQ sequentielle marker 'and then' (formally DEMfar plus Abl) simple sentences (single clause) SUM sumariser: ·la-sogs(·pa) /·las-stsogs(·pa) 'etc.' (Zeisler 2009) SUM "and so on", das ist eine verlegenheitslösung für einen nicht analysierbaren phrasalen Ausdruck, möglicherweise ändern wir hier noch die Schreibweise (Zeisler, p.c., 2006) superord-chained superodinated clause, chained (non-finite verb) superord-emb.x superodinated clause, embedded superord superodinated clause (finite verb) NP-suppl supplement of a light verb TOP topic marker ni Generalization over "verb" tags Vε non-finite use of mere stem (in the case of cross clausal group inflection: the first members appear in a non-modified, thus seemingly finite form, but the morphemes of the final non-finite verb operates also on the preceeding verbs; stylistic device for closely related event sequences, particularly frequent for ritual(ised) actions) VCp predicatively used verb compounds (or nominalisations) governing arguments ε: in the case of ellided verb, mostly ε:simple-spch.intro VN verbal noun Vⁿ verbally/predicatively used VN (reanalysis as VN possible) VNst nominally used stem, e.g. TVP maslebkyi-bardu :pers adjective (S) ADJ ADJ-proNOM adverb (S) ADV AUX Abl Abs Aes conjunction (S) CONJ Com DEMfar DEMfar.ADJ DEMnear DEMnear.ADJ DM DatLoc EDEM emphatic pronoun, 2nd person, pl (S) EPRON2-pl Erg FIN FM Gen Interjection (S) INTJ indefinite quantifier/qualifier IQ Instr Loc LocPurp MV personal name, betrifft alle namen, insbesondere auch geographische (S) NAME NEG NOM cardinal numeral (S) NUM onomatopoetic (S) ONM PPosAbl PPosCom PPosInstr PPosLoc PRON (S) 1st person pronoun PRON1 PRON2 addressing pronoun PRON2voc (S) 3rd person pronoun (singular ?) PRON3 quantitative adjective, including ordinals QADJ QADJ-proNOM QF question pronoun (S) QPRON QPRONrel Quotation adverb QoADV quote introduction QoI quote marker QoM relational adjective RADJ RADJ-proNOM reflexive pronoun RFLX RT sequential particle (S) SEQ summarising expression SUM topic marker TOP verb (non-finite) V VCp finite verb (S) VFIN verbal noun BZ (S) VN VNst Vε Vⁿ ~Loc :anim anti chain.mod chain.purp chained -cm compound cond cond.intro cres -df discMV discSCV emb.attr emb.cont emb.mod emb.nom emb.prop emb.purp emb.spch endchain endchain-spch.intro .excl :inan .incl -iq -lq lwOpMV morph pQ phrs-spch.intro .pl -pl -proNOM quest.alt1 quest.alt2 reduplication rel relat simple simple-spch.intro superord-emb