gold

Table of Contents

Abessive

Comment:

AbessiveCase expresses the lack or absence of the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning of the English preposition 'without' (Pei and Gaynor 1954: 3,35; Gove, et al. 1966: 3).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:CaseValue

Tags / Individuals:

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Abilitive

Comment:

AbilitiveModality indicates the capacity of an agent to perform some action, regardless of type or condition.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:ModalityValue

Tags / Individuals:

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Ablative

Comment:

AblativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location from which another referent is moving. It has the meaning 'from'.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:CaseValue

Tags / Individuals:

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Absolutive

Comment:

AbsolutiveCase in ergative-absolutive languages mark referents that would generally be the subjects of intransitive verbs or the objects of transitive verbs in the translational equivalents of nominative-accusative languages (Anderson 1985: 181; Crystal 1985: 1; Andrews and Avery 1985: 138).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:CaseValue

Tags / Individuals:

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AbsolutiveAntipassive

Comment:

An Antipassive in which the P or logical object is suppressed or overtly absent. (Klaiman 1991:232)

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:VoiceValue

Tags / Individuals:

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Abstract

Comment:

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:Entity

Tags / Individuals:

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Accusative

Comment:

AccusativeCase in nominative-accusative languages marks certain syntactic functions, usually direct objects (Hartmann and Stork 1972: 3,156; Crystal 1980: 11,246; Andrews and Avery 1985: 75; Anderson; 1985: 181; Mish et al. 1990: 50).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:CaseValue

Tags / Individuals:

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Actional

Comment:

ActionalForce indicates that the speaker or hearer is to undertake some action. Subsumes Imperative, Commissive and Hortatory.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:ForceValue

Tags / Individuals:

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Active

Comment:

Associated with transitivity, when the action is performed by an agent (subject) on another participant (object), or with intransitivity (McIntosh 1984:108). Refers to the category of underived verb forms associated with the basic diathesis: Diathesis=D0:(X=SUBabs/nom) (Y=DIROBacc)
(Shibatani 1995:7)

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:VoiceValue

Tags / Individuals:

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Adessive

Comment:

AdessiveCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location near/at which another referent exists. It has the meaning of 'at' or 'near' (Crystal 1997: 8).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:CaseValue

Tags / Individuals:

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Adjective

Comment:

An adjective is a part of speech whose members modify nouns. An adjective specifies the attributes of a noun referent. Note: this is one case among many. Adjectives are a class of modifiers (Crystal 1997:8; Mish et al. 1990:56; Payne 1997:63).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:GrammaticalUnit

Tags / Individuals:

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Adposition

Comment:

An adposition is a part of speech whose members are of a closed set and occur before or after a complement composed of a noun phrase, noun, pronoun, or clause that functions as a noun phrase and forms a single structure with the complement to express its grammatical and semantic relation to another unit within a clause (Comrie 1989:91; Crystal 1997: 305; Mish et al. 1990:929; Payne 1997:86).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:GrammaticalUnit

Tags / Individuals:

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Adverb

Comment:

An adverb, narrowly defined, is a part of speech whose members modify verbs for such categories as time, manner, place, or direction. An adverb, broadly defined, is is a part of speech whose members modify any constituent class of words other than nouns, such as verbs, adjectives, adverbs, phrases, clauses, or sentences. Under this definition, the possible type of modification depends on the class of the constituent being modified (Crystal 1997:11; Mish et al. 1990:59; Payne 1997:69).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:GrammaticalUnit

Tags / Individuals:

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AgentDeletionPassive

Comment:

The object of the active retains its old case-marking in the passive, the subject of the active cannot appear in the passive clause, and the passive tends to be semantically active.
(Givon 1988:419)

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:VoiceValue

Tags / Individuals:

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Allative

Comment:

AllativeCase expresses motion to or toward the referent of the noun it marks (Pei and Gaynor 1954: 6,9,216; Lyons 1968: 299; Crystal 1985: 1213; Gove, et al. 1966: 55,2359).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:CaseValue

Tags / Individuals:

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Animate

Comment:

One of the two grammatical genders, or classes of nouns, the other being inanimate. Membership in the animate grammatical class is largely based on meanings, in that living things, including humans, animals, spirits, trees, and most plants are included in the animate class of nouns (Valentine 2001: 114).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:GenderValue

Tags / Individuals:

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Anticausative

Comment:

An intransitive verb is derived from a basically transitive one with the direct object of the transitive verb corresponding to the subject of the intransitive.
(Siewierska 1988:267)

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:VoiceValue

Tags / Individuals:

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Antipassive

Comment:

Derives an intransitive verb from a transitive stem whereby the original agent (only) is cross-referrenced by the absolutive markers on the verb and the original patient, if it appears, is in an oblique phrase. (England 1983:110)

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:VoiceValue

Tags / Individuals:

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Article

Comment:

An article is a member of a small class of determiners that identify a noun's definite or indefinite reference, and new or given status (Crystal 1997:26; Mish et al. 1990:105).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:Determiner

Tags / Individuals:

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AspectFeature

Comment:

Aspect is the grammatical encoding of various characteristics of the event referred to in an utterance. Aspect does not form a semantically contiguous class (Comrie 1976; Bybee 1985; Sasse 2002). Aspect indicates the temporal structure of an event, i. e. the way in which the event occurs in time (on-going or completed, beginning, continuing or ending, iterative or semelfactive, etc.). (Bhat 1999:43)

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:MorphosyntacticFeature

Tags / Individuals:

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AspectValue

Comment:

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:FeatureValue

Tags / Individuals:

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Assumptive

Comment:

Assumptive encodes the fact that the speaker came to believe the content of the expression through a possibly unsound inference procedure. That is, it is at least reasonalbe (Palmer 2001: 6-8).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:EvidentialityValue

Tags / Individuals:

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Auditory

Comment:

AuditoryEvidentiality encodes the fact that the speaker came to believe the content of the expression through direct auditory experience; they heard it. This does not include spoken reported accounts, but only direct sensory evdience, such as the situation of 'hearing a tree fall' (Palmer 2001: 38).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:EvidentialityValue

Tags / Individuals:

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Augmentative

Comment:

A special form of a noun that signals that the object being referred to is large relative to the usual size of such an object (Crystal 1980: 34).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:SizeValue

Tags / Individuals:

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Benefactive

Comment:

BenefactiveCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks receives the benefit of the situation expressed by the clause (Crystal 1980: 43; Gove, et al. 1966: 203).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:CaseValue

Tags / Individuals:

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BoundRoot

Comment:

BoundRoot is the class of bound units whose members are common to a set of derived or inflected units, if any, when all bound units are removed. They are not further analyzable into meaningful elements, being morphologically simple. Also, they designate the principle portion of meaning of the unit to which it belongs (Crystal 1985:268; Hartmann and Stork 1972:199; Pei and Gaynor 1954:187-188; Mish et al. 1990:1023; Matthews 1991:64).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:MorphologicalUnit

Tags / Individuals:

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BoundStem

Comment:

BoundStem is the class of units whose members are decomposable into a root or roots and a derivational unit, and are only expressed by bound forms in the language (Crystal 1985:287; Mish et al. 1990:1154).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:MorphologicalUnit


Tags / Individuals:

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CardinalNumeral

Comment:

A cardinal numeral is a numeral of the class whose members are considered basic in form, are used in counting, and are used in expressing how many objects are referred to (Crystal 1997:52; Mish et al. 1990:207).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:Numeral

Tags / Individuals:

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CaseFeature

Comment:

Case is a system of marking dependent nouns for the type of relationship (syntactic or semantic) they bear to some other element in the sentence, such as a verb, noun, pronoun, or adposition(Pei and Gaynor 1954: 35; Crystal 1980: 5354; Anderson 1985: 179180; Andrews 1985: 7172; Mish et al. 1990: 211; Kuno 1973: 45; Blake 2001). CaseValue is the class of values that may be associated with the feature instance 'case'. CaseValue is the class of all case types found in language. Case is a system of marking dependent nouns for the type of relationship (syntactic or semantic) they bear to some other element in the sentence, such as a verb, noun, pronoun, or adposition(Pei and Gaynor 1954: 35; Crystal 1980: 5354; Anderson 1985: 179180; Andrews 1985: 7172; Mish et al. 1990: 211; Kuno 1973: 45; Blake 2001).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:MorphosyntacticFeature

Tags / Individuals:

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CaseValue

Comment:

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:FeatureValue

Tags / Individuals:

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Causative

Comment:

Expressing the causation of an action.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:VoiceValue

Tags / Individuals:

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Character

Comment:

An elementary unit comprising SymbolicStrings. A single Character is also defined as a subclass of SymbolicString itself, e.g., the letter 'a', or a Chinese character.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:SymbolicString

Tags / Individuals:

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Classifier

Comment:

A classifier is a partOfSpeech whose members express the classification of a noun (Crystal 1997:61; Mish et al. 1990:246; Payne 1997:107).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:NominalParticle

Tags / Individuals:

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Clause

Comment:

A clause is a minimal sentential unit including a predicate, all arguments of the predicate, and all modifiers of the predicate and the arguments.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:SyntacticConstruction

Tags / Individuals:

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Clitic

Comment:

Clitic is the class of units which members exhibit syntactic characteristics of a lexical unit, but show evidence of being morphologically bound to another lexical unit, the host, by being unstressed or subject to word-level phonological rules (Crystal 1980:64; Hartmann and Stork 1972:38; Anderson 1985:158; Klavans 1982: xi-xiv, 74-76,83,93-95,100-101; Zwicky 1977:5).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:MorphologicalUnit

Tags / Individuals:

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CloseFuture

Comment:

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:TenseValue

Tags / Individuals:

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Comitative

Comment:

ComitativeCase expresses accompaniment. It carries the meaning 'with' or 'accompanied by' (Anderson, Stephen 1985: 186; Pei and Gaynor 1954: 42;Dixon, R. 1972: 12; Gove, et al. 1966: 455).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:CaseValue

Tags / Individuals:

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Commissive

Comment:

CommisiveForce indicates that the speaker promises or threatens to perform some action (Palmer 2001: 10, 72).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:ForceValue

Tags / Individuals:

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ComplexSpecification

Comment:

A ComplexSpecification is a kind of FeatureSpecification whose value must be a FeatureStructure. This class gives a feature system its recursive properites (Maxwell, Simons, and Hayashi 2001).

Klassenhierarchie:


>= gold:FeatureSpecification

Tags / Individuals:

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ComplexSyntacticWord

Comment:

A syntactic word that is morphologically complex, e.g., a compound, free stem, or inflected lexical item.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:SyntacticWord

Tags / Individuals:

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Compound

Comment:

A compound has at least two roots. NOTE: more development here.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:ComplexSyntacticWord

Tags / Individuals:

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ConditionalPhysicalAbilitive

Comment:

ConditionalPhysicalAbilitiveModality indicates ability of an agent to perform some action, requiring the presence of conditions external to the agent (Bybee, Perkins, and Pagliuca 1994: 177; Palmer 2001: 76)

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:ModalityValue

Tags / Individuals:

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Connective

Comment:

Also known as a conjunction, a Connective is a class of parts of speech whose members syntactically link words or larger constituents, and expresses a semantic relationship between them. A conjunction is positionally fixed relative to one or more of the elements related by it, thus distinguishing it from constituents such as English conjunctive adverbs (Crystal 1997:81; Mish et al. 1990:277-278).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:GrammaticalUnit

Tags / Individuals:

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Constituent

Comment:

A node in a StructuralDescription.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:LinguisticDataStructure

Tags / Individuals:

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Contablative

Comment:

ContablativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location from near which another referent is moving. It has the meaning 'from near'.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:CaseValue

Tags / Individuals:

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Contallative

Comment:

ContallativeCase expresses that something is moving toward the vicinity of the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'towards the vicinity of'.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:CaseValue

Tags / Individuals:

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Conterminative

Comment:

ConterminativeCase expresses the notion of something moving into the vicinity of the referent of the noun it marks, but not through that region. It has the meaning 'moving into the vicinity of'.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:CaseValue

Tags / Individuals:

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Continuous

Comment:

Similar to progressive, however an aspect is continuous versus progressive when it is anchored to non-punctual time reference (Salaberry 2002:264).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:AspectValue

Tags / Individuals:

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Contlative

Comment:

ContlativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location in the vicinity of which another referent is moving. It has the meaning 'in the vicinity of'.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:CaseValue

Tags / Individuals:

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CoordinatingConnective

Comment:

A coordinating connective is a connective that links constituents without syntactically subordinating one to the other (Crystal 1997:93; Mish et al. 1990:288).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:Connective

Tags / Individuals:

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CorrelativeConnective

Comment:

A correlative connective is either of a pair of coordinating conjunctions (connectives) used in ordered fashion. Typically, one is used immediately before each member of a pair of constituents (Crystal 1997:96; Mish et al. 1990:293).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:CoordinatingConnective

Tags / Individuals:

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Dative

Comment:

DativeCase marks 1) Indirect objects (for languages in which they are held to exist) or 2) nouns having the role of recipient (as of things given), beneficiary of an action, or possessor of an item (Crystal 1980: 102; Gove, et al. 1966: 577).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:CaseValue

Tags / Individuals:

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Declarative

Comment:

DeclarativeForce indicates that the speaker is informing the hearer about the content of what is said.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:ForceValue

Tags / Individuals:

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Deductive

Comment:

DeductiveEvidentiality encodes the fact that the speaker came to believe the content of the expression through a sound inference procedure. (Palmer 2001: 6-8).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:EvidentialityValue

Tags / Individuals:

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DefiniteArticle

Comment:

An definite article is a part of speech whose members refer to a specific, identifiable entity (or class of entities) (Crystal 1997:107).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:Article

Tags / Individuals:

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Delative

Comment:

DelativeCase expresses motion downward from the referent of the noun it marks (Pei and Gaynor 1954: 53; Gove, et al. 1966: 595).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:CaseValue

Tags / Individuals:

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Demonstrative

Comment:

A demonstrative is a determiner that is used deictically to indicate a referent's spatial, temporal, or discourse location. A demonstrative functions as a modifier of a noun, or a pronoun (Crystal 1997:312; Mish et al. 1990:338).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:Determiner

Tags / Individuals:

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Deontic

Comment:

DeonticModality indicates that an agent has permission or is under an obligation to perform some action.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:ModalityValue

Tags / Individuals:

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DeponentMiddle

Comment:

Action denotes physical/mental disposition of subject. (Siewierska 1988:257)

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:VoiceValue

Tags / Individuals:

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DerivationalUnit

Comment:

DerivationalUnit is the class of sublexical units whose members function to derive a new lexical unit from an existing one, by systematically changing the meaning and possibly altering the partOfSpeech feature of the Root or Stem it attaches to (Hartmann and Stork 1972:62; Crystal 1985:89; Mish et al. 1990:342; Bybee 1985:81-82, 99).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:MorphologicalUnit

Tags / Individuals:

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DerivedWord

Comment:

A free form of a language consiting of a root or stem plus at least one derivational unit.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:ComplexSyntacticWord

Tags / Individuals:

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Determiner

Comment:

A Determiner is a part of speech whose members belong to a class of noun modifiers and express the reference, including quantity, of a noun (Crystal 1997:112; Mish et al. 1990:346).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:GrammaticalUnit

Tags / Individuals:

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Diminuative

Comment:

A special form of a noun that signals that the object being referred to is small relative to the usual size of such an object. In some cases it may be used as a term of endearment (Crystal 1980: 116).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:SizeValue

Tags / Individuals:

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Direct

Comment:

DirectEvidential, also called sensory, encodes the fact that the speaker came to believe the content of the expression by having direct sensory experience of some situation; this does not include hearing about it from someone else (Palmer 2001: 35-36).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:EvidentialityValue

Tags / Individuals:

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DirectVoice

Comment:

Signals that the action proceeds in an ontologically salient way, i.e. that salience is assigned to nominals based on their referen'ts relative real-world capacities to control situations. (Klaiman 1991:32)

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:VoiceValue

Tags / Individuals:

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DistributiveNumeral

Comment:

A distributive numeral is a numeral which expresses a group of the number specified.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:Numeral

Tags / Individuals:

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DitransitiveVerb

Comment:

A ditransitive verb is a verb that takes two objects (Crystal 1997:397).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:Verb

Tags / Individuals:

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Dual

Comment:

Dual refers to two members of a designated class (Crystal 1997: 265). It typically occurs in a number system together with Singular and LargePlural, or with Singular, Trial and Multal.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:NumberValue

Tags / Individuals:

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Dubitive

Comment:

DubitiveMood indicates a speaker's doubt or uncertainty about a proposition (Palmer 2001).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:MoodValue

Tags / Individuals:

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Durative

Comment:

Events which involve some duration (Bhat 1999:58).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:AspectValue

Tags / Individuals:

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Elative

Comment:

ElativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location out of which another referent is moving. It has the meaning 'out of' (Lyons 1968: 299; Pei and Gaynor 1954: 64; Crystal 1985: 106; Gove, et al. 1966: 730).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:CaseValue

Tags / Individuals:

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EmphaticPronoun

Comment:

An emphatic pronoun is a personal pronoun that is used to emphasize its referent.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:PersonalPronoun

Tags / Individuals:

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Enclitic

Comment:

An enclitic is a clitic that is phonologically joined at the end of a preceding lexical unit to form a single phonological unit (Crystal 1980:64; Pei and Gaynor 1954:65; Mish et al. 1990:409).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:Clitic

Tags / Individuals:

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Entity

Comment:

The top class.

Klassenhierarchie:

Tags / Individuals:

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Epistemic

Comment:

EpistemicModality indicates that a state of affairs is known to be possible or certain (necessary).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:ModalityValue

Tags / Individuals:

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EpistemicNecessity

Comment:

EpistemicNecessityModality indicates that the expressed proposition is known to be true. Also known as CategoricalModality (Palmer 2001: 37, 68-69).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:ModalityValue

Tags / Individuals:

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EpistemicPossibility

Comment:

EpistemicPossibilityModality indicates that the designated state of affairs is not known not to be true.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:ModalityValue

Tags / Individuals:

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Ergative

Comment:

ErgativeCase in ergative-absolutive languages generally identifies the subject of transitive verbs in the translation equivalents of nominative-accusative Languages such as English (Crystal 1980: 134; Hartmann and Stork 1972: 78; Pei and Gaynor 1954: 67; Andrews and Avery 1985: 138).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:CaseValue

Tags / Individuals:

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Essive

Comment:

EssiveCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location at which another referent exists (Lyons 1968: 299,301; Gove, et al. 1966: 778; Crystal 1985: 112; Blake 1994: 154-5).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:CaseValue

Tags / Individuals:

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EvaluativeFeature

Comment:

A feature associated with a nominal that generally indicates that the referent is viewed favorably or unfavorably by the speaker.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:MorphosyntacticFeature

Tags / Individuals:

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EvaluativeValue

Comment:

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:FeatureValue

Tags / Individuals:

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EvidentialityFeature

Comment:

Evidentiality is the system of indicating the basis of an agent's warrant for their belief in what they say. It is closely related to Mood, some of whose values indicate the strength of the agent's belief.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:MorphosyntacticFeature

Tags / Individuals:

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EvidentialityValue

Comment:

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:FeatureValue

Tags / Individuals:

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ExistentialMarker

Comment:

An existential marker is a partOfSpeech whose members are found in distinct clause types and which mark a referent's existence (Crystal 1997:142).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:GrammaticalUnit

Tags / Individuals:

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Expletive

Comment:

An expletive (also known as a dummy word) is a part of speech whose members have no meaning, but complete a sentence to make it grammatical (Crystal 1997:127; Mish et al. 1990:437).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:GrammaticalUnit

Tags / Individuals:

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FeatureConstraint

Comment:

A FeatureConstraint is a LinguisticDataStructure which groups a part of speech value with a set of features. Within a FeatureSystem of some language, it indicates which Features may be associated with a particular linguistic unit based on the unit's part of speech.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:LinguisticDataStructure


Tags / Individuals:

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FeatureSpecification

Comment:

A FeatureSpecification is a data structure that groups together a linguistic feature and with a value (Maxwell, Simons, and Hayashi 2001).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:LinguisticDataStructure

Tags / Individuals:

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FeatureStructure

Comment:

A FeatureStructure is a set of one or more FeatureSpecifications. A FeatureStructure is a kind of information structure, a container or data structure, used to group together qualities or features of some object. In a grammatical feature system, a FeatureStructure holds the grammatical information associated with some linguistic unit. In a typed feature system, a FeatureStructure has an associated type, usually a PartOfSpeech. (Shieber 1986; Maxwell, Simons, and Hayashi 2001).

Klassenhierarchie:



>= gold:LinguisticDataStructure

Tags / Individuals:

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FeatureSystem

Comment:

FeatureSystem is a kind of LinguisticDataStructure that declares what kinds of FeatureStructures exist in the language. It can be assumed that only one feature system exists per language. A FeatureSystem consists of a set of FeatureConstraints (based on Maxwell, Simons, and Hayashi 2001).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:LinguisticDataStructure

Tags / Individuals:

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FeatureValue

Comment:

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:Abstract

Tags / Individuals:

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Feminine

Comment:

A grammatical class of nouns whose members tend to be perceived of as female.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:GenderValue

Tags / Individuals:

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First

Comment:

Refers to the speaker and one or more nonparticipants, but not hearer(s). Contrasts with FirstPersonInclusive (Crystal 1997: 285).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:PersonValue

Tags / Individuals:

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FirstExclusive

Comment:

Refers to the speaker and one or more nonparticipants, but not hearer(s). Contrasts with FirstPersonInclusive (Crystal 1997: 285).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:PersonValue

Tags / Individuals:

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FirstInclusive

Comment:

Refers to the speaker, hearer(s) and possibly others. Contrasts with FirstPersonExclusive (Crystal 1997: 285).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:PersonValue

Tags / Individuals:

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FocusAntipassive

Comment:

Blocks the P or logical object (basic absolutive) nominal from being assigned Focus salience. Topic salience is available for assignment to various arguments, including the P, but Focus salience is always assigned to A, and is therefore inaccessible to P or any other nominal.
(Klaiman 1991:236)

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:VoiceValue

Tags / Individuals:

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Folklore

Comment:

FolkloreEvidentiality encodes the fact that the speaker came to believe the content of the expression through legend, folklore or some other established tradition (Palmer 2001: 40).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:EvidentialityValue

Tags / Individuals:

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ForceFeature

Comment:

Force expresses the speech act associated with a proposition. Among the traditionally defined values are Declarative, Imperative and Interrogative. Force is here distinguished from Mood, but there is a close association of Mood with Force values, e.g. between IndicativeMood and DeclarativeForce.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:MorphosyntacticFeature

Tags / Individuals:

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ForceValue

Comment:

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:FeatureValue

Tags / Individuals:

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FreeStem

Comment:

FreeStem is the class of form units whose members are decomposable into a root or roots and a derivational unit. They are expressed by the free forms of the language (Crystal 1985:287; Mish et al. 1990:1154).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:ComplexSyntacticWord

Tags / Individuals:

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Frequentive

Comment:

Events which are frequently repeated, differs from habitual in that it can only be based upon the observation of several occurrences of the event concerned, whereas habitual can be based upon the observation of a single occurrence (Bhat 1999: 53).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:AspectValue

Tags / Individuals:

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Future

Comment:

FutureTense locates the situation in question later than the present moment (time of speaking.)

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:TenseValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

FutureInFuture

Comment:

FutureInFutureTense locates the situation in question in the future, relative to a temporal reference point that itself is located in the future relative to the moment of utterance.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:TenseValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

FutureInPast

Comment:

FutureInPastTense locates the situation in question in the future, relative to a contextually determined temporal reference point that itself must be located in the past relative to the moment of utterance.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:TenseValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

GenderFeature

Comment:

GenderFeature the class of all grammatical genders found in language. It may be best subsumed under a more general class for noun classification.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:MorphosyntacticFeature

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

GenderValue

Comment:

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:FeatureValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Genitive

Comment:

GenitiveCase is used to mark the noun whose referent is the possessor of the referent of another noun (Crystal 1980: 161; Hartmann and Stork 1972: 9495,180; Pei and Gaynor 1954: 82,172; Anderson 1985: 185; Mish et al. 1990: 511; Fleming 1988: 10).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:CaseValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Gerund

Comment:

A part of speech derived from a verb and used as a noun, usually restricted to non-finite forms of the verb (Crystal 1997: 279).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:Nominal

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

GrammaticalUnit

Comment:

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:Abstract

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Habitual

Comment:

Refers to the internal temporal contour of a situation — a repeated situation that occupies a large slice of time. Can be based on the observation of a single occurrence.
(Bhat 1999:177)

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:AspectValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Hearsay

Comment:

HearsayEvidentiality, also called third hand, encodes the fact that the speaker came to believe the content of the expression from a source generally considered less reliable than with a SecondHandEvidential (Palmer 2001: 40).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:EvidentialityValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

HesternalPast

Comment:

HesternalPastTense locates the situation in question somewhere in the span beginning with the period defined culturally as 'yesterday' and extends back through some period that is considered nonremote (Comrie 1985:87-88; Dahl 1985:126).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:TenseValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

HodiernalFuture

Comment:

HodiernalFutureTense locates the situation in question after the moment of utterance within the span culturally defined as 'today' (Comrie 1985: 86; Bybee, Perkins, and Pagliuca 1994: 247).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:TenseValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

HodiernalPast

Comment:

HodiernalPastTense locates the situation in question before the moment of utterance within the span culturally defined as 'today' (Comrie 1985:87; Dahl 1985:125-126). Contrasts with PreHodiernalPastTense.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:TenseValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Hortatory

Comment:

HortatoryForce indicates that the hearer, possibly together with speaker, is admonished or to allow others to take action.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:ForceValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Illative

Comment:

IllativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location into which another referent is moving. It has the meaning 'into' (Lyons 1968: 299; Gove, et al. 1966: 1126; Crystal 1985: 152).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:CaseValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

ImmediateFuture

Comment:

ImmediateFutureTense, also called 'close future', locates the situation in question shortly after the moment of utterance (Dahl 1985:121; Comrie 1985:94; Bybee, Perkins, and Pagliuca 1994: 244-245).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:TenseValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

ImmediatePast

Comment:

ImmediatePastTense locates the situation in question at a time considered very recent in relation to the moment of utterance (Comrie 1985: 87).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:TenseValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

ImperativeForce

Comment:

ImperativeForce indicates that the speaker requests or demands action on the part of the hearer.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:ForceValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Imperfective

Comment:

A viewpoint aspect which encodes the speaker’s lack of attention to the endpoints of the situation referred to. Imperfective aspect is the prototypical mode of presentation for states (Michaelis 1998:xiv).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:AspectValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

ImpersonalPassive

Comment:

A Passive that alters the mapping of a nominal to the Subject relation in a basic intransitive structure (Klaiman 1991:23)

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:VoiceValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Inablative

Comment:

InablativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location from within which another referent is moving. It has the meaning 'from within'.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:CaseValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Inallative

Comment:

InallativeCase expresses that something is moving toward the region that is inside the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'towards in(side)'.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:CaseValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Inanimate

Comment:

One of the two grammatical genders, or noun classes, of Nishnaabemwin, the other being animate. Membership in the inanimate grammatical class is largely based on meaning, in that non-living things, such as objects of manufacture and natural 'non-living' things are included in it (Valentine 2001: 114).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:GenderValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Inceptive

Comment:

InceptiveAspect, also called the ingressive, encodes the beginning portion of some event (Bybee 1985: 147, 149; Payne 1997: 240; Bhat 1999:176).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:AspectValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

IncorporatingAntipassive

Comment:

Blocks the P or logical object (basic absolutive) nominal from being assigned Focus salience. This correlates with the P's morphosyntactic downgrading, whereby it becomes insusceptible to any informational salience assignment. (Klaiman 1991:236)

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:VoiceValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

IndefiniteArticle

Comment:

An article is a part of speech whose members are used to refer to an entity (or class of entities) which is not capable of specific identification (Crystal 1997:193).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:Article

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

IndefinitePronoun

Comment:

An indefinite pronoun is a pronoun that belongs to a class whose members indicate indefinite reference (Crystal 1997: 312; Mish et al. 1990:612).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:Pronoun

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Indicative

Comment:

IndicativeMood indicates that the speaker believes the expression to be true.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:MoodValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Indirect

Comment:

IndirectEvidentiality, also called reported, encodes the fact that the speaker came to believe the content of the expression from a source other than by experiencing the situation directly (Palmer 2001: 40).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:EvidentialityValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Inessive

Comment:

InessiveCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location within which another referent exists. It has the meaning of 'within' or 'inside' (Lyons 1968: 299; Gove, et al. 1966: 1156; Crystal 1985: 156). X in Y.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:CaseValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Inferential

Comment:

InferentialEvidentiality encodes the fact that the speaker came to believe the content of the expression through some kind of internal inference procedure, e.g., deduction, abduction, induction (Palmer 2001: 6-8).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:EvidentialityValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

InflectedWord

Comment:

A free form of a language consiting of a root or stem plus at least one inflectional unit.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:ComplexSyntacticWord

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

InflectionalUnit

Comment:

InflectionalUnit is the class of sublexical unit whose members designate such grammatical categories as tense, aspect, mood etc. The various forms of an InflectionalUnit plus the stem forms a grammatical paradigm and express a grammatical contrast that is obligatory for its stem's part of speech in some given grammatical context. An InflectionalUnit does not alter the partOfSpeech feature of the Root or Stem it attaches to. It is typically located farther from its Root than a derivational unit and produces a predictable, nonidiosyncratic change of meaning (Crystal 1980:184; Hartmann and Stork 1972:112; Mish et al. 1990:620; Bybee 1985:2, 99).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:MorphologicalUnit

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Informational

Comment:

InformationalForce indicates that the hearer is to relate to the informational content of what is expressed. Subsumes Declarative, Speculative and Interrogative.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:ForceValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Instrumental

Comment:

InstrumentalCase indicates that the referent of the noun it marks is the means of the accomplishment of the action expressed by the clause (Crystal 1980: 187; Hartmann and Stork 1972: 114; Mish et al. 1990: 627).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:CaseValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Interablative

Comment:

InterablativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location from between which another referent is moving. It has the meaning 'from inbetween'.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:CaseValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Interallative

Comment:

InterallativeCase expresses that something is moving toward the region that is in the middle of the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'towards the middle of'.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:CaseValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Interessive

Comment:

InteressiveCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location between which another referent exists. It has the meaning of 'between'.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:CaseValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Interjection

Comment:

An interjection is a part of speech, typically brief in form, such as one syllable or word, whose members are used most often as exclamations or parts of an exclamation. An interjection, typically expressing an emotional reaction, often with respect to an accompanying sentence, is not syntactically related to other accompanying expressions, and may include a combination of sounds not otherwise found in the language (Crystal 1997:200).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:GrammaticalUnit

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Interlative

Comment:

InterlativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location between which another referent is moving. It has the meaning 'to the middle of'.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:CaseValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Interminative

Comment:

'into in(side of)'.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:CaseValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

InterrogativeForce

Comment:

InterrogativeForce indicates that the speaker lacks certain knowledge about what is expressed, and may thereby be seeking information from the hearer. In that case, it is equivalent to a type of imperative: "Tell me ...".

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:ForceValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

InterrogativeProform

Comment:

An InterrogativeProform is a Proform that is used in questions to stand for the item questioned.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:ProForm

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Interterminative

Comment:

InterterminativeCase expresses the notion of something moving into the middle of the referent of the noun it marks, but not through it. It has the meaning 'into the middle of'.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:CaseValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Intertranslative

Comment:

IntertranslativeCase expresses the notion of something moving along a trajectory between the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'along the in between.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:CaseValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

IntransitiveVerb

Comment:

An intransitive verb is a verb that cannot take a direct object, and describes a property, state, or situation involving only one participant (Crystal 1997:397; Payne 1997:171).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:Verb

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Intranslative

Comment:

IntranslativeCase expresses the notion of something moving through the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'along through'.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:CaseValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

InverseVoice

Comment:

Signals when actions proceed from ontologically less salient to more salient participants (Klaiman 1991:32)

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:VoiceValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Iterative

Comment:

IterativeAspect, also called repetitives, encodes a number of events of the same type that are repeated on a particular occasion. The time interval which is relevant to the iterative is relatively shorter than in the case of the habitual (Bybee 1985: 150; Bybee, Perkins and Pagliuca 1994: 127). Portrays events repeated on the same occasion (like the iterative knocking on the door) (Bhat 1999: 53)

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:AspectValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Jussive

Comment:

JussiveForce indicates a request for permission to take action.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:ForceValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

LargePlural

Comment:

LargePlural is used in a number system together with Singular and Dual or with SmallPaucal.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:NumberValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Lative

Comment:

LativeCase expresses 'motion up to the location of,' or 'as far as' the referent of the noun it marks (Pei and Gaynor 1954: 121; Gove, et al. 1966: 1277).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:CaseValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

LexicalItem

Comment:

The information structure used to encode all the information associated with an entry in a dictionary.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:LinguisticDataStructure

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Lexicon

Comment:

A collection of LexicalItems.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:LinguisticDataStructure

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

LinguisticDataStructure

Comment:

A linguistic data structure is an abstract container for grouping together instances of linguistic data, usually to suit a particular theory or computational implementation. Examples include: feature structures, lexical entries, and paradigms.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:Abstract

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

LinguisticFeature

Comment:

LinguisticFeature, also called 'property', 'quality' or 'feature name', is the class of features that may be associated with units relevant to a linguistic systems. e.g., the feature 'tense' has values: 'past', 'present', ..., 'future'. In the broader domain, the class 'feature' can be thought of as the set of qualities associated with some object in general, e.g., color, size, shape, etc. (Shieber 1986: 12; Gaerdenfors 2000; Masolo et al. 2002).
----------
LinguisticFeatureValue is the class of values that may be associated with instances of linguistic feature. That is, specific features have specific feature values associated with them, e.g., the feature 'tense' has 'past', 'present', ..., 'future' as values. In the broader domain, the class of LinguisticFeatureValue can be thought of as the set of qualia associated with some feature in general, a point in cognitive space. E.g., red is a quale in color space (Shieber 1986: 12; Maxwell, Simons, and Hayashi 2001; Gaerdenfors 2000; Masolo et al. 2002).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:Abstract

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

LinguisticSign

Comment:

A sign is an abstract structure whose instances participate in a linguistic system, or `language'. By definition, a linguistic sign must have a form component (whose elements are phonological units), a grammatical component (whose elements are grammatical units), and a meaning component (whose elements are semantic units). The formal structure of a linguistic sign is determined by the grammar of a language. The information value of a linguistic sign, its meaning, is not fixed, but determined by the conventions of the language. The relation of form to meaning is largely arbitrary within a semiotic system. Signs are classified primarily according to what kinds of formal relations they participate in, and, secondly, according to theircomplexity (whether they are atomic or composed of other signs). Signs range from morphological and syntactic constructions to whole discourse segments (Saussure 1955; Hervey 1979; Pollard and Sag 1994).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:Abstract

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Locational

Comment:

Category of case that denotes that the referent of the noun it marks is a location.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:CaseValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

LocativePassive

Comment:

An oblique locative nominal assumes the subject relation.
(Klaiman 1991:17)

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:VoiceValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

MainClause

Comment:

A main clause is an independent clause that can stand on its own as a sentence. If a sentence contains any embedded clauses, the main clause is understood as the matrix plus the embedded clauses. In the sentence 'John thinks that Mary is sick', 'John thinks that Mary is sick' is the main clause (Crystal 2001: 231).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:Clause

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Malefactive

Comment:

Opposite of BenefactiveCase; used when the marked noun is negatively affected in the clause.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:CaseValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Masculine

Comment:

A grammatical class of nouns whose members tend to be perceived of as male.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:GenderValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

MentalAbilitive

Comment:

MentalAbilitiveModality indicates that an agent has the capacity to perform some mental action (Bybee, Perkins, and Pagliuca 1994: 192; Palmer 2001: 77).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:ModalityValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

ModalityFeature

Comment:

Modality is the theory of possibility and necessity. As a grammatical feature, it represents those dimensions in the domains of knowledge (epistemic modality), social relations (deontic modality) and ability (abilitive modality), and possibly others.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:MorphosyntacticFeature

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

ModalityValue

Comment:

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:FeatureValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

MoodFeature

Comment:

Mood, also known as Force, expresses the grammatical mood or force of a proposition. Among the traditionally defined values are Declarative, Imperative and Interrogative. These values are a somewhat mixed bag of attitutude (e.g. optative, volitive, subjunctive) and speech-act (e.g. imperative, commissive) values. It may be desirable to separate them out.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:MorphosyntacticFeature

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

MoodValue

Comment:

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:FeatureValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

MorphologicalUnit

Comment:

The form units below the level of the syntactic word, i.e. those form units not participating in syntactic relations, but only morphological relations. That is, a morphological unit cannot occupy a lexical position in a syntactic construction. Morphological units are the smallest form units that have a meaning. In some theories, these correspond to the notion of morphemes or constructions. In a feature system, these elements carry morphological or morphosyntactic features.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:GrammaticalUnit

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

MorphosyntacticFeature

Comment:

Also called 'grammatical categories', or 'grams', a morphosyntactic feature is the class of linguistic features inhering in form units. Morphosyntactic features give form units their morphosyntactic behavior in a grammar. E.g., two form units can 'agree' according to shared form features. This class is intended to represent only the formal aspects of morphosyntax; that is, there is no notional component. In a grammatical system, attributes of the same type express meanings from the same conceptual domain. That is, they occur in contrast to one another other, and are typically expressed in the same fashion (Crystal 1985: 43-44; Hopper, P. 1992: 81, Bybee 1985: 191).
-----------------
FormFeatureValue is the class of values that may be associated with instances of FormFeature. In a FeatureSystem, these dictate the formal properties of the grammar and may or may not be true semantically. A set of FeatureValues forms an integral part of a language's FeatureSystem (Pollard and Sag 1994; Maxwell, Simons, and Hayashi 2001).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:LinguisticFeature

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Multal

Comment:

Multal refers to a large number of individuals.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:NumberValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

MultiplicativeNumeral

Comment:

A multiplicative numeral is a numeral that expresses how many fold or how many times (Pei and Gaynor 1954:149; Hartmann and Stork 1972:147).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:Numeral

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

NearFuture

Comment:

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:TenseValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

NecessitativePassive

Comment:

A passive in Irish in which the preposition "with" is used, and a semantic meaning of necessity is added. (Noonan 1994:280)

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:VoiceValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Necessity

Comment:

NecessityModality indicates that the described state of affairs is necessary, either directly, or because of a requirement on the part of an agent.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:ModalityValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Negative

Comment:

A construction that expresses the contradiction of some or all of a proposition (Crystal 1980: 257). Note: this value is not to be confused with the notion "Negative Polarity Item", which is an expression that occurs in the scope of Negation (i.e. Negative Polarity).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:PolarityValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Nominal

Comment:

A nominal is a partOfSpeech whose members differ grammatically from a substantive but which functions as one (Crystal 1997:260; Mish et al. 1990:801).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:Noun

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

NominalParticle

Comment:

A nominal particle is a member of a closed class of particles that co-occur with nouns.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:Particle

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Nominative

Comment:

NominativeCase identifies clause subjects in nominative-accusative languages. It is usually the unmarked case. Nouns used in isolation often have this case (Crystal 1980: 242; Pei and Gaynor 1954: 147; Mish et al. 1990: 801; Hartmann and Stork 1972: 224).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:CaseValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

NonabsolutiveAntipassive

Comment:

An Antipassive in which the P or logical object is overtly downgraded. (Klaiman 1991:232)

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:VoiceValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

NonFuture

Comment:

NonFutureTense locates the situation in question at or before the moment of utterance, and contrasts with a FutureTense (Comrie 1985: 49).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:TenseValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

NonPast

Comment:

NonPastTense locates the situation in question at or after the moment of utterance, and contrasts with a past tense (Comrie 1985:48-49).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:TenseValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

NonpromotionalInverse

Comment:

Involves demotion of the non-topical obviate-agent from subjecthood. (Givon 1994:24)

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:VoiceValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

NonVisual

Comment:

OtherThanVisualEvidentiality encodes the fact that the speaker came to believe the content of the expression directly in a way other than through visual experience; they heard it, smelled it, tasted it, etc. (Palmer 2001: 36, 57).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:EvidentialityValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Noun

Comment:

A noun is a broad classification of parts of speech which include substantives and nominals (Crystal 1997:371; Mish et al. 1990:1176).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:GrammaticalUnit

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

NucleonicMiddle

Comment:

Object of action belongs to. Moves into, or moves from sphere of subject.
(Siewierska 1988:257)

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:VoiceValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

NumberFeature

Comment:

Number is a grammatical category often found on nouns, pronouns, and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions--such as 'one' or 'more than one'. The count distinctions typically, but not always, correspond to the actual count of the referents of the marked noun or Pronoun (Crystal 1980: 245; Hartmann and Stork 1972: 155; Mish et al. 1990: 811).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:MorphosyntacticFeature

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

NumberValue

Comment:

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:FeatureValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Numeral

Comment:

A numeral is a partOfSpeech whose members function most typically as adjectives or pronouns and express a number, or relation to the number, such as one of the following: quantity, sequence, frequency, fraction (Hartmann and Stork 1972:155; Pei and Gaynor 1954:149).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:Quantifier

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Object

Comment:

Any entity that is stable throughout time and has other objects as parts. At any point in time, an object is wholly present.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:Entity

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Obligative

Comment:

ObligativeModality indicates that an agent is required to perform the action expressed by the predicate (Bybee, Perkins, and Pagliuca 1994: 177; Palmer 2001: 71).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:ModalityValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

ObliquePassive

Comment:

A Passive in which a basic Oblique nominal assumes the Subject relation in a corresponding nonbasic configuration. Can include locative passives, benefactive passives and instrumental passives. (Klaiman 1991:23)

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:VoiceValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Optative

Comment:

Optative indicates that the speaker wishes or hopes that the expressed proposition be the case (Bybee, Perkins, and Pagliuca 1994: 179; Palmer 2001: 204).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:MoodValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

OrdinalNumeral

Comment:

An ordinal numeral is a numeral belonging to a class whose members designate positions in a sequence (Crystal 1997:272; Mish et al. 1990:831).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:Numeral

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

OrthographicExpression

Comment:

An OrthographicExpression is composed of the standard characters of an orthographic system. In a Romanized system, it is the 'spelling' associated with some word. An OrthographicExpression is governed by the orthographic combinatorial rules of a particular language. OrthographicExpressions are not transcriptions of any external entity, but independent linguistic expressions which refer directly to the LinguisticUnits of the language. They are the physical realizations of some human language, possibly no longer spoken.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:SymbolicString

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

OrthographicPart

Comment:

OrthPart is the subclass of OrthographicExpression whose members are not orthographically independent, that is, they cannot stand alone as words but compose to form words. Note that an OrthPart is not the same as a single character. Although, some OrthParts are single characters.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:OrthographicExpression

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

OrthographicPhrase

Comment:

An OrthPhrase is a concatenation of one or more instances of OrthWord.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:OrthographicExpression

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

OrthographicSentence

Comment:

A special type of OthPhrase usually representing a Clause. In Western writing systems, an OrthSentence is set off by white space on the left edge and some kind of puncuation, such as a period or question mark, on the right.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:OrthographicPhrase

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

OrthographicWord

Comment:

An OrthWord is the fundamental unit of an orthography, usually set off by white space.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:OrthographicExpression

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

OtherSource

Comment:

OtherSourceEvidentiality indicates that the agent relies on another source for theirbelief in what they say.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:EvidentialityValue

Tags / Individuals:

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Particle

Comment:

A particle is a part of speech whose members do not belong to one of the main classes of words, is invariable, and typically has grammatical or pragmatic meaning.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:GrammaticalUnit

Tags / Individuals:

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PartiitiveNumeral

Comment:

A partitive numeral is a numeral that expresses a fraction (Pei and Gaynor 1954:149; Hartmann and Stork 1972:165).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:Numeral

Tags / Individuals:

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Partitive

Comment:

PartitiveCase expresses the partial nature of the referent of the noun it marks, as opposed to expressing the whole unit or class of which the referent is a part. This case may be found in items such as the following: existential clauses, nouns that are accompanied by numerals or units of measure, or predications of material from which something is made. It often has a meaning similar to the English word 'some' (Pei and Gaynor 1954: 161; Richards, Platt, and Weber 1985: 208; Quirk, et al. 1985: 249; Gove, et al. 1966: 1648; Sebeok 1946: 1214).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:CaseValue

Tags / Individuals:

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Passive

Comment:

Associated with actions performed on the subject by an unspecified agent.
(McIntosh 1984:108) Refers to the category of verb forms, typically identifies with a specific morphological marking, that encode the derived diatheses in which the agent role is not linked with a subject noun phrase: Diatheis: D1=(X=AgOb)(Y+SUBabs/nom) (Shibatani 1995:7)

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:VoiceValue

Tags / Individuals:

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Past

Comment:

PastTense locates the situation in question prior to the present moment, with no specification on the distance in time (Comrie 1985).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:TenseValue

Tags / Individuals:

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PastInFuture

Comment:

Locates the situation in question in the future, prior to a reference time in the future.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:TenseValue

Tags / Individuals:

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PastInPast

Comment:

Locates the situation in question prior to a reference time in the past. Also known as PluperfectTense.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:TenseValue

Tags / Individuals:

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Paucal

Comment:

Paucal refers to a few members of a designated class (Crystal 1997: 265). It occurs in a number system together with Multal. It is entailed by SmallPaucal.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:NumberValue

Tags / Individuals:

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Pejorative

Comment:

A special form of a noun that indicates the speaker regards the person or object being referred to with distaste, contempt, or displeasure (Valentine 2001: 190-193).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:EvaluativeValue

Tags / Individuals:

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Perfective

Comment:

A viewpoint aspect which encodes the speaker’s willingness to attend to the endpoints of the situation referred to. Perfective aspect is the canonical mode of presentation for events (Michaelis 1998: xv).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:AspectValue

Tags / Individuals:

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Perlative

Comment:

PerlativeCase expresses that something moved 'through','across', or 'along' the referent of the noun that is marked (Blake 1998: 38, 203).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:CaseValue

Tags / Individuals:

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Permissive

Comment:

PermissiveModality indicates that an agent has permission to perform the action expressed by the predicate (Palmer 2001: 10, 71).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:ModalityValue

Tags / Individuals:

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PersonalPassive

Comment:

A Passive in which the argument mapped to Object in a basic structural configuration assumes the Subject relation in a corresponding nonbasic configuration. (Klaiman 1991:23)

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:VoiceValue

Tags / Individuals:

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PersonalPronoun

Comment:

A personal pronoun is a pronoun that expresses a distinction of person deixis (Mish et al. 1990:878).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:Pronoun

Tags / Individuals:

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PersonFeature

Comment:

Person indicates the number and nature of the participants in a situation. Usually a three-way contrast is found: first, second, and third person. Other formal distinctions in languages include: inclusive/exlusive, honorific/intimate, and male/female (Crystal 1997: 285).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:MorphosyntacticFeature

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

PersonValue

Comment:

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:FeatureValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Phasal

Comment:

A set of aspectual distinctions involving relations between a background situation (the reference situation) and a situation located relative to the reference situation (the denoted situation). In English, phasal distinctions are expressed by auxiliary-headed constructions, like the inceptive, progressive, and perfect constructions, whose head verbs express the aspectual class of the denoted situation. The aspectual class of the denoted situation differs from that of the reference situation (Michaelis 1998:xv). An event may have a beginning and an end, a middle portion (continuing or changing), and also an ensuing result or an altered state. These are considered to be the various “phases‽ of an event. A speaker may talk about an event from the point of view of any of these individual phases, and his language may have inflectional (or other type of) markers for representing these distinctions. Since such markers indicate distinctions in the temporal structure of an event, we may regard them as belonging to the category of aspect. It has been suggested (Dik 1989: 186) that these may be grouped under a subcategory (or “level‽) of aspect called “phasal aspect‽. (Bhat 1999:49)

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:AspectValue

Tags / Individuals:

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PhonologicalFeature

Comment:

more later

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:LinguisticFeature

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

PhonologicalUnit

Comment:

A unit of phonological structure, e.g., a phoneme.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:Abstract

Tags / Individuals:

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Phrase

Comment:

A phrase is a syntactic construction that consists of more than one LexicalUnit but lacks the subject - predicate organization of a Clause (Crystal 1980: 232-233; Pei and Gaynor 1954: 169; Pike and Pike 1982: 453; and Mish et al. 1990: 886).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:SyntacticConstruction

Tags / Individuals:

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PhysicalAbilitiveModality

Comment:

PhysicalAbilitiveModality indicates that an agent has the physical capacity to perform some action (Bybee, Perkins, and Pagliuca 1994: 192; Palmer 2001: 77).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:ModalityValue

Tags / Individuals:

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PlainMiddle

Comment:

Results of action occur to subject.
(Siewierska 1988:257)

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:VoiceValue

Tags / Individuals:

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Plural

Comment:

Plural refers to more than one member of a designated class. It is used in a number system together with Singular only, as in English. We deprecate the definition in which it refers to any number larger than the largest individual number value in the system, e.g. 'more than two' in some languages (Crystal 1980: 245; Hartmann and Stork 1972: 178; Crystal 1987: 428; Mish et al. 1990: 906). We recommend LargePlural for systems in which the value is used together with Singular and Dual, and Multal for systems in which the value is used together with Singular, Dual and Trial.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:NumberValue

Tags / Individuals:

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PolarityFeature

Comment:

We provisionally assume this feature to take on just the values Positive and Negative. As a morphosyntactic feature, generally only Negative is "marked", i.e. associated with a linguistic expression.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:MorphosyntacticFeature

Tags / Individuals:

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PolarityValue

Comment:

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:FeatureValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Positive

Comment:

In general, positive polarity refers to an assertion that contains no marker of negation (Crystal 1980: 299).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:PolarityValue

Tags / Individuals:

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Possessed

Comment:

PossessedCase is used to mark the noun whose referent is possessed by the referent of another noun.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:CaseValue

Tags / Individuals:

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PossessivePronoun

Comment:

A possessive pronoun is a pronoun that expresses ownership and relationships like ownership, such as kinship, and other forms of association (Crystal 1997:312; Mish et al. 1990:918).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:PersonalPronoun

Tags / Individuals:

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Possibility

Comment:

PossibilityModality indicates that the designated state of affairs is possible, either directly, or because an agent has the ability or permission to carry it out.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:ModalityValue

Tags / Individuals:

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PostHodiernalFuture

Comment:

PostHodiernalFutureTense locates the situation in question after the span that is culturally defined as 'today' (Bybee, Perkins, and Pagliuca 1994: 247).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:TenseValue

Tags / Individuals:

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Postposition

Comment:

A postposition is an adposition that occurs after its complement (Crystal 1997:300; Payne 1997:86).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:Adposition

Tags / Individuals:

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PragmaticInverse

Comment:

If the agent is more topical than the patient, the direct-active clause is used. If norm is reversed and the patient is more topical, the inverse clause is used. (Givon 1994:23)

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:VoiceValue

Tags / Individuals:

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Preferred

Comment:

A special form of a noun that indicates the speaker regards the person or object being referred to with favor or admiration.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:EvaluativeValue

Tags / Individuals:

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PreHodiernalPast

Comment:

PreHodiernalPastTense locates the situation in question before that of a contrasting HodiernalPastTense. According to Bybee, Perkins, Pagliuca 1994: 98. this category must be defined relative to a HodiernalPastTense.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:TenseValue

Tags / Individuals:

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Prenoun

Comment:

An element which may be compounded to the front of a noun to signal information such as size, color, etc. (Valentine 2001: 152-154).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:GrammaticalUnit

Tags / Individuals:

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Preposition

Comment:

A preposition is an adposition that occurs before its complement (Crystal 1997:305; Mish et al. 1990:929; Payne 1997:86).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:Adposition

Tags / Individuals:

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Present

Comment:

PresentTense locates the situation in question at the present moment (the time of the speech event) (Comrie 1985: 37). Changed name from AbsolutePresentTense since no other "Present" tense value is defined.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:TenseValue

Tags / Individuals:

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Preverb

Comment:

An element which may be compounded to the front of a verb, to signal information such as tense, direction, etc. (Valentine 2001: 154-158).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:GrammaticalUnit

Tags / Individuals:

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Proadjective

Comment:

A Proadjective is a proForm that substitutes for an adjective or adjective phrase.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:ProForm

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Proadverb

Comment:

A Proadverb is a Proform that substitutes for an adverb or other expression having an adverbial function.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:ProForm

Tags / Individuals:

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Process

Comment:

Any entity that is relatively time unstable and has other processes as parts.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:Entity

Tags / Individuals:

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Proclitic

Comment:

A proclitic is a clitic that precedes the lexical unit to which it is phonologically joined (Crystal 1980:64; Hartmann and Stork 1972:185; Pei and Gaynor 1954:176; Mish et al. 1990:938).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:Clitic

Tags / Individuals:

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ProForm

Comment:

A ProForm is a partOfSpeech whose members usually substitute for other constituents, including phrases, clauses, or sentences, and whose meaning is recoverable from the linguistic or extralinguistic context (Schachter 1985:24-25; Crystal 1997:310).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:GrammaticalUnit

Tags / Individuals:

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Progressive

Comment:

ProgressiveAspect, also called the continuative or the durative, encodes a single event as an ongoing process. Thus, states cannot generally be encoded with the progressive (Comrie 1976: 32-35; Bybee, Perkins and Pagliuca 1994: 127-139; Payne 1997: 240). An exponent of phasal aspect which expresses a stative situation that holds during the time at which an event is occurring (e. g., He is fixing the fence)
(Michaelis 1998:xv).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:AspectValue

Tags / Individuals:

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ProgressivePassive

Comment:

A passive in Irish in which the preposition "at" is used, and a semantic meaning of progressive tense is found (Noonan 1994:280)

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:VoiceValue

Tags / Individuals:

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PromotionalInverse

Comment:

Involves promotion of the topical proximate-patient to subjecthood. (Givon 1994:24)

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:VoiceValue

Tags / Individuals:

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Pronoun

Comment:

A Pronoun is a ProForm which functions like a noun and substitutes for a noun or noun phrase (Crystal 1997:312; Mish et al. 1990:942).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:ProForm

Tags / Individuals:

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Quantificational

Comment:

A speaker may report an event as occurring once only (semelfactive) or several times (iterative); he may view it as a specific event or as part of a general habit of carrying out similar events; he may also differentiate between different degrees of frequency with which the event occurs. The markers that a given language provides for one or more of these meaning distinctions can be grouped under a subcategory called “quantificational aspect‽, as all of them refer to the quantitative aspect of the event concerned (Bhat 1999:53).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:AspectValue

Tags / Individuals:

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Quantifier

Comment:

A quantifier is a determiner that expresses a referent's definite or indefinite number or amount. A quantifier functions as a modifier of a noun, or a pronoun (Crystal 1997:317; Mish et al. 1990:963).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:Determiner

Tags / Individuals:

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QuestionParticle

Comment:

A particle is a part of speech whose members signal a yes/no question (Payne 1997:296).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:Particle

Tags / Individuals:

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RecentPast

Comment:

RecentPastTense locates the situation in question prior to the present moment, but by culturally and situationally defined criteria, usually within the span ranging from yesterday to a week or a few months previous (Comrie 1985:87; Dahl 1985:121-122).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:TenseValue

Tags / Individuals:

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ReciprocalMiddle

Comment:

Referents of plural subject do action to one another. (Siewierska 1988:257)

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:VoiceValue

Tags / Individuals:

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ReciprocalPronoun

Comment:

A reciprocal pronoun is a pronoun that expresses a mutual feeling or action among the referents of a plural subject (Crystal 1997:323; Mish et al. 1990:982).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:Pronoun

Tags / Individuals:

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ReferentialVoice

Comment:

entails assignment of the absolutive to certain kinds of arguments other than the logical subjects (A) and objects (P), including the dative, benefactive, malefactive, and possessor. (Klaiman 1991:239)

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:VoiceValue

Tags / Individuals:

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ReflexiveMiddle

Comment:

Subjects perform action to self. (Siewierska 1988:257)

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:VoiceValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

ReflexivePassive

Comment:

A Passive construction which contains reflexive markings. (Siewierska 1988:257)

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:VoiceValue

Tags / Individuals:

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ReflexivePronoun

Comment:

A reflexive pronoun is a pronoun that has coreference with the subject (Mish et al. 1990:990).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:PersonalPronoun

Tags / Individuals:

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RelativeFuture

Comment:

RelativeFutureTense locates the situation in question after a contextually determined temporal reference point, regardless of the latter's relation to the moment of utterance. Also called FuturePerfectTense (Comrie 1985:69-71).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:TenseValue

Tags / Individuals:

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RelativePast

Comment:

RelativePastTense locates the situation in question before that of a contextually determined temporal reference point (Comrie 1985: 104). Also called PastPerfectTense.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:TenseValue

Tags / Individuals:

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RelativePresent

Comment:

RelativePresentTense locates the situation in question simultaneously with some contextually determined temporal reference point.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:TenseValue

Tags / Individuals:

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RelativePronoun

Comment:

A relative pronoun is a pronoun that marks a relative clause, functions grammatically within the relative clause, and is coreferential to the word modified by the relative clause (Crystal 1997:329).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:Pronoun

Tags / Individuals:

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RemoteFuture

Comment:

RemoteFutureTense locates the situation in question at a time that is considered relatively distant. It is characteristically after the span of time culturally defined as 'tomorrow' (Dahl 1985:121; Comrie 1985:94).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:TenseValue

Tags / Individuals:

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RemotePast

Comment:

RemotePastTense locates the situation in question prior to the present moment, usually more than a few days ago (Dahl 1985:121; Comrie 1985:88). Subsumes notion of PreHesternalPast tense, which locates the situation in question before that of an opposing hesternal past tense. (Bybee, Perkins, Pagliuca 1994: 98).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:TenseValue

Tags / Individuals:

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Second

Comment:

Refers to the person(s) the speaker is addressing (Crystal 1997: 285).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:PersonValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

SecondHand

Comment:

SecondHandEvidentiality, also called the quotative, encodes the fact that the speaker came to believe the content of the expression from communicating with someone else (Palmer 2001: 40).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:EvidentialityValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

SemanticFeature

Comment:

Any linguistic feature that pertains to the semantic content in a linguistic system.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:LinguisticFeature

Tags / Individuals:

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SemanticInverse

Comment:

If the agent outranks the patient on the relevant generic topic hierarchy, the direct-active clause is used. If the relevant norm is reversed and the patient outranks the agent on the relevant hierarchy, the inverse clause is used. (Givon 1994:23)

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:VoiceValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

SemanticUnit

Comment:

under construction

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:Abstract

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Semelfactive

Comment:

Momentaneous, without an inherent end-point, as sneeze (Michaelis 1998:xvi).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:AspectValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Several

Comment:

Several is used in a system together with Singular and LargePlural or Multal to refer to a small, non-singular number of individuals.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:NumberValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

SimpleSpecification

Comment:

A SimpleSpecification is a kind of FeatureSpecification whose value must be a simple linguistic attribute (Maxwell, Simons, and Hayashi 2001).

Klassenhierarchie:


>= gold:FeatureSpecification

Tags / Individuals:

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SimpleSyntacticWord

Comment:

Simple syntactic word is the class of formal units whose members are common to a set of derived or inflected units, if any, when all bound units are removed. They are not further analyzable into meaningful elements, being morphologically simple. Also, they designate the principle portion of meaning of the unit to which it belongs (Crystal 1985:268; Hartmann and Stork 1972:199; Pei and Gaynor 1954:187-188; Mish et al. 1990:1023; Matthews 1991:64).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:SyntacticWord

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Singular

Comment:

Singular refers to one member of a designated class (Crystal 1980: 245; Hartmann and Stork 1972: 210).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:NumberValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

SizeFeature

Comment:

Feature for relative size. Currently only Diminutive and Augmentative defined as possible values. Typically specified "derivationally" rather than by inflection.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:MorphosyntacticFeature

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

SizeValue

Comment:

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:FeatureValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

SmallPaucal

Comment:

SmallPaucal occurs in a number system together with LargePlural, referring to a very small number of individuals. It core:entails Paucal and is entailed by both Singular and Dual.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:NumberValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Speculative

Comment:

SpeculativeForce indicates that the speaker considers, or 'entertains', the content of the expression. That is, it is in the realm of possibility, though the speaker does not necessarilty believe it (Palmer 2001: 6-8, 25).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:ForceValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

StillPresent

Comment:

StillPresentTense is similar to PresentTense but carries the presupposition that an event or state held before the moment of utterance. In positive declarative clauses, still present tense asserts that the event or state holds at the moment of utterance (Comrie 1985: 54; named changed from 'StillTense').

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:TenseValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

StructuralDescription

Comment:

This is a data structure commonly associated with morphosyntactic analysis. It is usually represented graphically as a tree.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:LinguisticDataStructure

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Subablative

Comment:

SubablativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location from under which another referent is moving. It has the meaning 'from under'.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:CaseValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Suballative

Comment:

SuballativeCase expresses that something is moving toward the region that is under the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'towards the region that is under'.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:CaseValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Subessive

Comment:

SubessiveCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location under which another referent exists. It has the meaning of 'under' or 'beneath'.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:CaseValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Subjunctive

Comment:

SubjunctiveMood indicates that the expression is not believed to be true.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:MoodValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Sublative

Comment:

SublativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location under which another referent is moving toward. It has the meaning 'towards the underneath of'.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:CaseValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

SubordinateClause

Comment:

A subordinate clause is a dependent clause that cannot stand on its own as a sentence. A matrix clause combined with a subordinate clause form a clause. In the sentence 'John thinks that Mary is sick', 'Mary is sick' is the subordinate clause.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:Clause

Tags / Individuals:

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SubordinatingConnective

Comment:

A subordinating connective is a connective that links constructions by making one of them a constituent of another. The subordinating conjunction typically marks the incorporated constituent (Crystal 1997:370; Mish et al. 1990:1175).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:Connective

Tags / Individuals:

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Substantive

Comment:

A substantive is a member of the syntactic class in which the names of physical, concrete, relatively unchanging experiences are most typically found whose members may act as subjects and objects, and most of whose members have inherently determined grammatical gender (in languages which inflect for gender) (Crystal 1997:264; Mish et al. 1990:808; GivÃ〓Â〓³n 1984:51-52; Payne 1997:33).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:Noun

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Subterminative

Comment:

SubterminativeCase expresses the notion of something moving into the region under the referent of the noun it marks, but not through that region. It has the meaning 'into the region under'.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:CaseValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Subtranslative

Comment:

SubtranslativeCase expresses the notion of something moving along a trajectory underneath the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'along the region underneath'. Unfortunate name clash with 'Superlative' as a feature of adjectives.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:CaseValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Superablative

Comment:

Superablative expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location from over which another referent is moving. It has the meaning 'from over'.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:CaseValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Superallative

Comment:

SuperallativeCase expresses that something is moving toward the region that is above the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'towards the region that is over'.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:CaseValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Superessive

Comment:

SuperessiveCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location on which another referent exists. It has the meaning of 'on' or 'upon'. (Pei and Gaynor 1954: 207, Gove, et al. 1966: 2293).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:CaseValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Superlative

Comment:

SuperlativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the location onto which another referent is moving. It has the meaning of 'onto'. Unfortunate name clash with 'Superlative' as a property of adjectives.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:CaseValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Superterminative

Comment:

SuperterminativeCase expresses the notion of something moving into the region over the referent of the noun it marks, but not through that region. It has the meaning 'into the region over'.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:CaseValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Supertranslative

Comment:

SupertranslativeCase expresses the notion of something moving along a trajectory above the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'along the region over'.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:CaseValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

SymbolicString

Comment:

SymbolicString is a very general category subsuming any entity which is the product writing process. Instances are usually symbolic, either part of the orthographic or other conventional system. NOTE: there is significant room here for expanding the ontology, that is, to account for different types of orthographies: e.g., hieroglyphs, Unicode characters, Chinese characters, Roman alphabetic characters etc.

Klassenhierarchie:


>= gold:Object

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

SyntacticConstruction

Comment:

Syntactic constructions are elements of syntactic structure that consist of more than one syntactic word or phrase in some syntactic configuration (Crystal 1980: 85-86).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:SyntacticUnit

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

SyntacticUnit

Comment:

A form unit that participates in syntactic relations. These are classified according to structural complexity, i.e. syntactically complex or simple (lexical).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:GrammaticalUnit

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

SyntacticWord

Comment:

SyntacticWord is a syntactic unit occupying the lowest position in a syntactic construction. They are expressed as elements, or words, in a language. They are sometimes identifiable according to such criteria as: (1) they are the minimal possible units in a reply; (2) their phonological expressions have features such as a regular stress pattern, and phonological changes conditioned by or blocked at Word boundaries; (3) they are the largest units resistant to insertion of new constituents within their boundaries; or (4) they are the smallest constituents that can be moved within a Sentence without making the Sentence ungrammatical (Hartmann and Stork 1972: 256; Crystal 1980: 168, 383, 384; Cruse 1986: 3536; Mish et al. 1990: 1358; Pike and Pike 1982: 462).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:SyntacticUnit

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

TenseFeature

Comment:

Tense is the grammatical encoding of an event's location in time. It is typically marked on the verb and deictically refers to the time of the event or state denoted by the verb in relation to some other temporal reference point (Comrie 1985: 9; Crystal 1987: 384).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:MorphosyntacticFeature

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

TenseValue

Comment:

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:FeatureValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Term

Comment:

This class includes includes any expression that is not conventially a part of a written language, but is used to name various features, values, and other linguistic constructs. Terms are used in interlinear text, often on the second line, to annotate or 'gloss' transcriptions, e.g., '1st' or 'NOM'.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:SymbolicString

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Terminative

Comment:

Denotes the termination of an event (Bhat 1999: 92).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:AspectValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

TerminativeCase

Comment:

TerminativeCase expresses the notion of something into but not further than (ie, not through) the referent of the noun it marks. It has the meaning 'into but not through'.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:CaseValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

TextUnit

Comment:

A text is a linguistic sign above the level of the clause, that is, at the discourse level. Relations that hold among various Texts include discourse constituency relations. Note that text is distinct from DiscourseSegement, the corresponding semantic unit at the level of discourse.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:GrammaticalUnit

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Third

Comment:

Refers to nonparticipants (other than the speaker or hearer(s)), i.e. other people, things, animals, etc. (Crystal 1997: 285).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:PersonValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

ThirdObviative

Comment:

Obviative refers to one or more non-participants that are in some way further removed from the speaker than other non-particpants.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:PersonValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

ThirdProximative

Comment:

Proximative refers to one or more non-participants that are in some way distinct/closer to the speaker than other non-particpants.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:PersonValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Timitive

Comment:

TimitiveMood encodes that the speaker fears something expressed in what is said (Palmer 2001: 13, 22).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:MoodValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

TransitiveVerb

Comment:

A transitive verb is a verb that takes a direct object, and describes a relation between two participants (Crystal 1997:397; Mish et al. 1990:1254; Payne 1997:171).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:Verb

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Translative

Comment:

TranslativeCase expresses that the referent of the noun, or the quality of the adjective, that it marks is the result of a process of change (Lyons 1968: 299301, Gove, et al. 1966: 813,2429, Sebeok 1946: 17, Hakulinen 1961: 70). X along, across Y.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:CaseValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Trial

Comment:

Trial refers to three members of a designated class (Pei and Gaynor 1954: 220; Gove, et al. 1966: 2439).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:NumberValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Verb

Comment:

A Verb is a part of speech whose members typically signal events and actions; constitute, singly or in a phrase, a minimal predicate in a clause; govern the number and types of other constituents which may occur in the clause; and, in inflectional languages, may be inflected for tense, aspect, voice, modality, or agreement with other constituents in person, number, or grammatical gender (Crystal 1997:409; Mish et al. 1990:1309; Givon 1984:52; Payne 1997:47).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:GrammaticalUnit

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

VerbalParticle

Comment:

A verbal particle is a member of a closed class of particles which co-occur with some verbs to form phrasal verbs. In some languages, verbal particles are identical to certain adpositions.

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:Particle

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Visual

Comment:

VisualEvidentiality encodes the fact that the speaker came to believe the content of the expression through direct visual experience; they saw it (Palmer 2001: 57).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:EvidentialityValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Vocative

Comment:

VocativeCase marks a noun whose referent is being addressed (Crystal 1980: 377; Hartmann and Stork 1972: 251; Pei and Gaynor 1954: 228).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:CaseValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

VoiceFeature

Comment:

A verbal category encoding alternations in the configurations of nominal statuses with which a verb is in particular relationships.
(Klaiman 1991:323)

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:MorphosyntacticFeature

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

VoiceValue

Comment:

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:FeatureValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

Volitive

Comment:

VolitiveForce indicates that the speaker is willing to perform some action (Palmer 2001: 76).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:ForceValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

WeakObligative

Comment:

WeakObligativeModality indicates that an agent is under a moral obligation to perform the action expressed by the predicate (Bybee, Perkins, and Pagliuca 1994: 186-187).

Klassenhierarchie:

>= gold:ModalityValue

Tags / Individuals:

Table of Contents

_hasValue

Comment:

This relates a SimpleSpecification to some instance of LinguisticFeatureValue.

Property-Hierarchie:

>= gold:dataStructureRelation

Domain:

Range:

acousticRealization

Comment:

This relation associates some LinguisticSign with its corresponding sound. This relation may become useful when working with sound files.

Property-Hierarchie:

Domain:

>= gold:LinguisticSign

Range:

agrees

Comment:

A relation holding between syntactic units, often manifesting itself in shared form features. NOTE: this could be better defined once syntactic roles and relations are developed.

Property-Hierarchie:

>= gold:syntacticRelation

Domain:

Range:

>= :Thing

antonym

Comment:

antonym

Property-Hierarchie:

>= gold:lexicalRelation

Domain:

Range:

circumscribes

Comment:

NOTE: still lacks development. This relation holds between two form units and represents the notion of circumscription in a morphosyntactic system. That is, (circumscribes A B) means that part of A comes before B and part of A comes after B, in the linearization of the units of a language.

Property-Hierarchie:

>= gold:orderingRelation

Domain:

Range:

constituent

Comment:

Property-Hierarchie:

Domain:

Range:

constituent

Comment:

Property-Hierarchie:

Domain:

Range:

constituent

Comment:

This relation expresses dominance between form units, e.g., (constituent `un' `unbelieveable') or (constituent `the house' `in the house').

Property-Hierarchie:

>= gold:formRelation

Domain:

Range:

dataStructureRelation

Comment:

Property-Hierarchie:

Domain:

Range:

dataStructureRelation

Comment:

Property-Hierarchie:

Domain:

Range:

dataStructureRelation

Comment:

Property-Hierarchie:

Domain:

Range:

dataStructureRelation

Comment:

Property-Hierarchie:

Domain:

Range:

dataStructureRelation

Comment:

Property-Hierarchie:

Domain:

Range:

dataStructureRelation

Comment:

Property-Hierarchie:

Domain:

Range:

dataStructureRelation

Comment:

Property-Hierarchie:

Domain:

Range:

dataStructureRelation

Comment:

This subsumes all structuring relations used for LinguisticDataStructures. As a naming convention to distinguish relations in data structure from other relations, all names of dataStructuringRelations begin with 'has-'.

Property-Hierarchie:

Domain:

>= gold:LinguisticDataStructure

Range:

directObject

Comment:

A direct object is a grammatical relation that exhibits a combination of certain independent syntactic properties, such as the following: the usual grammatical characteristics of the patient of
typically transitive verbs; particular case marking; a particular clause position; the conditioning of an agreement affix on the verb; the capability of becoming the clause subject in passivization; the
capability of reflexivization. The identification of the direct object relation may be further confirmed by finding significant overlap with similar direct object relations previously established in other languages. This may be done by analyzing correspondence between translation equivalents (Crystal 1985: 94; Hartmann and Stork 1972: 155; Mish et al. 1990: 358; Comrie 1989: 66; Andrews, Avery 1985: 68,120,126; Comrie 1985a: 337).

Property-Hierarchie:

>= gold:object

Domain:

Range:

entailedBy

Comment:

Property-Hierarchie:

Domain:

Range:

entailedBy

Comment:

Property-Hierarchie:

Domain:

>= gold:MorphosyntacticFeature

Range:

>= gold:MorphosyntacticFeature

entails

Comment:

Property-Hierarchie:

Domain:

>= gold:MorphosyntacticFeature

Range:

>= gold:MorphosyntacticFeature

feature

Comment:

The relation between a linguistic unit and a linguistic feature. A feature inheres in its host. NOTE: this relation is distinct from the hasFormFeature which pertains to data structures.

Property-Hierarchie:

Domain:

Range:

>= gold:LinguisticFeature

follows

Comment:

This relation holds between two form units and represents the inverse of 'precedes'. That is, (follows A B) means that A comes after B in the linearization of the realization of linguistic signs. The inverse of this relation is 'precedes'.

Property-Hierarchie:

>= gold:orderingRelation

Domain:

Range:

formRelation

Comment:

Property-Hierarchie:

Domain:

Range:

formRelation

Comment:

Property-Hierarchie:

Domain:

Range:

formRelation

Comment:

Property-Hierarchie:

Domain:

Range:

formRelation

Comment:

Property-Hierarchie:

Domain:

Range:

formRelation

Comment:

Any relation between form units.

Property-Hierarchie:

Domain:

Range:

freeTranslation

Comment:

The relation between an orthographic expression in one language and some orthographic expression in another such that both expressions have exactly the same meaning. The words in the translation may not correspond to the those in the source expression.

Property-Hierarchie:

>= gold:translation

Domain:

Range:

hasAspectValue

Comment:

Property-Hierarchie:

>= gold:hasValue

Domain:

>= gold:AspectFeature

Range:

>= gold:AspectValue

hasCaseValue

Comment:

Property-Hierarchie:

>= gold:hasValue

Domain:

>= gold:CaseFeature

Range:

>= gold:CaseValue

hasComplexValue

Comment:

Property-Hierarchie:

Domain:

Range:

hasComplexValue

Comment:

This relates a ComplexSpecification to a FeatureStructure, thus giving a FeatureStructure its recursive properties.

Property-Hierarchie:

>= gold:dataStructureRelation

Domain:

>= gold:ComplexSpecification

Range:

>= gold:FeatureStructure

hasConstraint

Comment:

Property-Hierarchie:

Domain:

Range:

hasConstraint

Comment:

This relates a FeatureSystem to a FeatureContraint.

Property-Hierarchie:

>= gold:dataStructureRelation

Domain:

>= gold:FeatureSystem

Range:

>= gold:FeatureConstraint

hasEvaluativeValue

Comment:

Property-Hierarchie:

>= gold:hasValue

Domain:

>= gold:EvaluativeFeature

Range:

>= gold:EvaluativeValue

hasEvidentialityValue

Comment:

Property-Hierarchie:

>= gold:hasValue

Domain:

>= gold:EvidentialityFeature

Range:

>= gold:EvidentialityValue

hasFeature

Comment:

Property-Hierarchie:

Domain:

Range:

hasFeature

Comment:

Property-Hierarchie:

Domain:

Range:

hasFeature

Comment:

This relates a FeatureSpecification to a type of LinguisticFeature.

Property-Hierarchie:

>= gold:dataStructureRelation

Domain:

>= gold:FeatureSpecification

Range:

>= :Class

hasForceValue

Comment:

Property-Hierarchie:

>= gold:hasValue

Domain:

>= gold:ForceFeature

Range:

>= gold:ForceValue

hasForm

Comment:

The relation associates some LinguisticSign with its PhonologicalUnit.

Property-Hierarchie:

Domain:

>= gold:LinguisticSign

Range:

>= gold:PhonologicalUnit

hasGenderValue

Comment:

Property-Hierarchie:

>= gold:hasValue

Domain:

>= gold:GenderFeature

Range:

>= gold:GenderValue

hasGrammar

Comment:

The relation between a LinguisticSign and its GrammaticalUnit.

Property-Hierarchie:

Domain:

>= gold:LinguisticSign

Range:

>= gold:GrammaticalUnit

hasLexicalItem

Comment:

Property-Hierarchie:

Domain:

Range:

hasLexicalItem

Comment:

The relation between a Lexicon and its contents, instances of LexicalItem. NOTE: this could probably be replaced by the memberOf relation from set theory.

Property-Hierarchie:

>= gold:dataStructureRelation

Domain:

>= gold:Lexicon

Range:

>= gold:LexicalItem

hasLexicalUnit

Comment:

Property-Hierarchie:

Domain:

Range:

hasLexicalUnit

Comment:

This relates a LexicalItem to a LexicalUnit, those elements commonly represented in a dictionary.

Property-Hierarchie:

>= gold:dataStructureRelation

Domain:

>= gold:LexicalItem

Range:

hasMeaning

Comment:

This relation associates some LinguisticSign with a SemanticUnit. NOTE: This will be expanded with the development of the semantic component of GOLD.

Property-Hierarchie:

Domain:

>= gold:LinguisticSign

Range:

>= gold:SemanticUnit

hasModalityValue

Comment:

Property-Hierarchie:

>= gold:hasValue

Domain:

>= gold:ModalityFeature

Range:

>= gold:ModalityValue

hasMoodValue

Comment:

Property-Hierarchie:

>= gold:hasValue

Domain:

>= gold:MoodFeature

Range:

>= gold:MoodValue

hasNumberValue

Comment:

Property-Hierarchie:

>= gold:hasValue

Domain:

>= gold:NumberFeature

Range:

>= gold:NumberValue

hasPersonValue

Comment:

Property-Hierarchie:

>= gold:hasValue

Domain:

>= gold:PersonFeature

Range:

>= gold:PersonValue

hasPolarityValue

Comment:

Property-Hierarchie:

>= gold:hasValue

Domain:

>= gold:PolarityFeature

Range:

>= gold:PolarityValue

hasSizeValue

Comment:

Property-Hierarchie:

>= gold:hasValue

Domain:

>= gold:SizeFeature

Range:

>= gold:SizeValue

hasSpecification

Comment:

Property-Hierarchie:

Domain:

Range:

hasSpecification

Comment:

This relates a FeatureStructure to a FeatureSpecification.

Property-Hierarchie:

>= gold:dataStructureRelation

Domain:

>= gold:FeatureStructure

Range:

>= gold:FeatureSpecification

hasTenseValue

Comment:

Property-Hierarchie:

>= gold:hasValue

Domain:

>= gold:TenseFeature

Range:

>= gold:TenseValue

hasType

Comment:

Property-Hierarchie:

Domain:

Range:

hasType

Comment:

Property-Hierarchie:

Domain:

Range:

hasType

Comment:

This relates either a FeatureStructure or a FeatureConstraint to its type, expressed by an instance of PartOfSpeech.

Property-Hierarchie:

>= gold:dataStructureRelation

Domain:

>= ( gold:FeatureStructure | gold:FeatureConstraint )

Range:

hasValue

Comment:

Property-Hierarchie:

Domain:

Range:

hasValue

Comment:

Property-Hierarchie:

Domain:

Range:

hasValue

Comment:

This relates a SimpleSpecification to some instance of LinguisticFeatureValue.

The relation between a feature instance and a feature-value instance.

Property-Hierarchie:

>= gold:dataStructureRelation

Domain:

>= gold:SimpleSpecification
>= gold:LinguisticFeature

Range:

>= gold:FeatureValue

hasVoiceValue

Comment:

Property-Hierarchie:

>= gold:hasValue

Domain:

>= gold:VoiceFeature

Range:

>= gold:VoiceValue

hypernym

Comment:

hypernym

Property-Hierarchie:

>= gold:lexicalRelation

Domain:

Range:

infixedIn

Comment:

infixedIn is the relation between a Lexical- or SublexicalUnit and a Root. The Root is realized as discontinuous, surrounding the inserted Lexical- or SublexicalUnit (Hartmann and Stork 1972: 111).

Property-Hierarchie:

>= gold:orderingRelation

Domain:

Range:

labels

Comment:

This relation names or simply associates some SymbolicString with any Entity.

Property-Hierarchie:

Domain:

>= gold:SymbolicString

Range:

lexicalRelation

Comment:

Property-Hierarchie:

Domain:

Range:

lexicalRelation

Comment:

Property-Hierarchie:

Domain:

Range:

lexicalRelation

Comment:

Property-Hierarchie:

Domain:

Range:

lexicalRelation

Comment:

Property-Hierarchie:

Domain:

Range:

lexicalRelation

Comment:

This is the superclass of common lexical relatations such as synonym, antonym, etc. NOTE: this needs work. Such relations really pertain to meaning and not form units.

Property-Hierarchie:

Domain:

Range:

literalTranslation

Comment:

The relation between an orthographic expression in one language and some orthographic expression in another such that the translation is done on a word by word, or morpheme by morphem, basis without regard for idiomatic usage.

Property-Hierarchie:

>= gold:translation

Domain:

Range:

meronym

Comment:

meronym

Property-Hierarchie:

>= gold:lexicalRelation

Domain:

Range:

morphologicalRelation

Comment:

Property-Hierarchie:

Domain:

Range:

morphologicalRelation

Comment:

A relation holding between morphological units.

Property-Hierarchie:

>= gold:formRelation

Domain:

>= gold:MorphologicalUnit

Range:

>= gold:MorphologicalUnit

names

Comment:

This semiotic relation associates some OrthographicExpression with some Entity. It differs from 'labels' in that a name is usually considered part of the orthographic system, where a label is not.

Property-Hierarchie:

Domain:

>= gold:OrthographicExpression

Range:

object

Comment:

Property-Hierarchie:

Domain:

Range:

object

Comment:

An object, traditionally defined, is either a direct object or an indirect object.An object, in some usages, is any grammatical relation other than subject (Crystal 1985: 211; Hartmann and Stork 1972: 155-156; Mish et al. 1990: 814, Comrie 1989: 66).

Property-Hierarchie:

>= gold:syntacticRole

Domain:

Range:

orderingRelation

Comment:

Property-Hierarchie:

Domain:

Range:

orderingRelation

Comment:

Property-Hierarchie:

Domain:

Range:

orderingRelation

Comment:

Property-Hierarchie:

Domain:

Range:

orderingRelation

Comment:

Any relation that establishes an the linear ordering of form units.

Property-Hierarchie:

>= gold:formRelation

Domain:

Range:

precedes

Comment:

This relation holds between two form units and represents the notion of precedence in a language. That is, (precedes A B) means that A comes before B in the linearization of the realization of linguistic signs. This inverse of this relation is 'follows'.

Property-Hierarchie:

>= gold:orderingRelation

Domain:

Range:

predicate

Comment:

The predicate is the relation between the Clause and a portion of a clause, excluding the subject, that expresses something about the subject (Crystal 1980: 280; Hartmann and Stork 1972: 182; Pei and
Gaynor 1954: 173; Pike and Pike 1982: 40; Mish et al. 1990: 926; Crystal 1985: 241-242).

Property-Hierarchie:

>= gold:syntacticRole

Domain:

Range:

prefix

Comment:

The relation between a morphological unit and the lexical unit to which it is attached. The LexicalUnit is usually a Root or Stem. The inverse of prefix is suffix (Crystal 1980: 281; Hartmann and Stork 1972: 182; Mish et al. 1990: 927).

Property-Hierarchie:

>= gold:morphologicalRelation

Domain:

Range:

synonym

Comment:

synonym

Property-Hierarchie:

>= gold:lexicalRelation

Domain:

Range:

>= :Thing

syntacticRelation

Comment:

Property-Hierarchie:

Domain:

Range:

syntacticRelation

Comment:

Property-Hierarchie:

Domain:

Range:

syntacticRelation

Comment:

Any relation holding between syntactic units.

Property-Hierarchie:

>= gold:formRelation

Domain:

>= gold:SyntacticUnit

Range:

>= gold:SyntacticUnit

syntacticRole

Comment:

A general category subsuming relations relevant at the level of the Clause, such as predicate and subject.
A grammatical relation is a role of a phrase or complement clause that determines syntactic behaviors such as the following: word position in a clause; verb agreement; participation and behavior in such operations as passivization (Comrie 1989: 65-66, Andrews, Avery 1985: 66).

Property-Hierarchie:

>= gold:syntacticRelation

Domain:

Range:

translation

Comment:

Property-Hierarchie:

Domain:

Range:

translation

Comment:

Property-Hierarchie:

Domain:

Range:

translation

Comment:

The relation between an orthographic expression in one language and some orthographic expression in another such that both expressions have the same or roughly the same meaning.

Property-Hierarchie:

Domain:

Range: